NUR 231 Exam 4 – Galen Maternal Nursing (2026) | 250 Questions &
Answers
Practice Questions 1–250
Section 1: Pediatric Urinary Tract Dysfunction (Questions 1–30)
1. Which population has the highest risk for urinary tract infections
(UTIs) in the first 2 years of life?
A) Infant females who are circumcised
B) Infant males who are uncircumcised
C) Infant females who are formula-fed
D) Infant males who are breastfed
Answer B: Infant males who are uncircumcised
Rationale: Uncircumcised males have a higher risk of bacterial
colonization under the foreskin, increasing UTI risk. ---
,2. A febrile UTI in a child under 2 years of age is considered a:
A) Lower tract infection
B) Uncomplicated infection
C) Upper tract infection
D) Persistent infection
Answer C: Upper tract infection
Rationale: Febrile UTIs in young children typically indicate upper tract
involvement such as pyelonephritis. ---
3. Which condition is classified as an upper urinary tract infection?
A) Cystitis
B) Urethritis
C) Pyelonephritis
D) Inflammation of the bladder
Answer C: Pyelonephritis
Rationale: Pyelonephritis involves the renal parenchyma, pelvis, and
ureters. Cystitis and urethritis are lower tract infections. ---
,4. Which condition is classified as a lower urinary tract infection?
A) Cystitis
B) Pyelonephritis
C) Vesicoureteral reflux
D) Glomerulonephritis
Answer A: Cystitis
Rationale: Cystitis (bladder inflammation) is a lower tract infection
with no systemic symptoms. ---
5. What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?
A) Abnormal retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the ureters
during voiding
B) Forward flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder
C) Obstruction of the urethra
D) Inflammation of the renal parenchyma
Answer A: Abnormal retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to
the ureters during voiding
Rationale: VUR allows urine to flow backward from the bladder to
the ureters, increasing infection risk. ---
, 6. A child with a complicated UTI would most likely have which
underlying condition?
A) Normal urinary tract
B) Structural defect, stones, or obstruction
C) Uncircumcised status only
D) Formula feeding only
Answer B: Structural defect, stones, or obstruction
Rationale: Complicated UTIs occur in patients with structural defects,
stones, obstruction, catheters, or neurologic disease. ---
7. A child with recurrent UTIs would most likely have:
A) Repeated episodes with successful eradication between infections
B) Persistent bacteriuria despite antibiotics
C) No prior infections
D) Structural defects only
Answer A: Repeated episodes with successful eradication between
infections
Answers
Practice Questions 1–250
Section 1: Pediatric Urinary Tract Dysfunction (Questions 1–30)
1. Which population has the highest risk for urinary tract infections
(UTIs) in the first 2 years of life?
A) Infant females who are circumcised
B) Infant males who are uncircumcised
C) Infant females who are formula-fed
D) Infant males who are breastfed
Answer B: Infant males who are uncircumcised
Rationale: Uncircumcised males have a higher risk of bacterial
colonization under the foreskin, increasing UTI risk. ---
,2. A febrile UTI in a child under 2 years of age is considered a:
A) Lower tract infection
B) Uncomplicated infection
C) Upper tract infection
D) Persistent infection
Answer C: Upper tract infection
Rationale: Febrile UTIs in young children typically indicate upper tract
involvement such as pyelonephritis. ---
3. Which condition is classified as an upper urinary tract infection?
A) Cystitis
B) Urethritis
C) Pyelonephritis
D) Inflammation of the bladder
Answer C: Pyelonephritis
Rationale: Pyelonephritis involves the renal parenchyma, pelvis, and
ureters. Cystitis and urethritis are lower tract infections. ---
,4. Which condition is classified as a lower urinary tract infection?
A) Cystitis
B) Pyelonephritis
C) Vesicoureteral reflux
D) Glomerulonephritis
Answer A: Cystitis
Rationale: Cystitis (bladder inflammation) is a lower tract infection
with no systemic symptoms. ---
5. What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?
A) Abnormal retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the ureters
during voiding
B) Forward flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder
C) Obstruction of the urethra
D) Inflammation of the renal parenchyma
Answer A: Abnormal retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to
the ureters during voiding
Rationale: VUR allows urine to flow backward from the bladder to
the ureters, increasing infection risk. ---
, 6. A child with a complicated UTI would most likely have which
underlying condition?
A) Normal urinary tract
B) Structural defect, stones, or obstruction
C) Uncircumcised status only
D) Formula feeding only
Answer B: Structural defect, stones, or obstruction
Rationale: Complicated UTIs occur in patients with structural defects,
stones, obstruction, catheters, or neurologic disease. ---
7. A child with recurrent UTIs would most likely have:
A) Repeated episodes with successful eradication between infections
B) Persistent bacteriuria despite antibiotics
C) No prior infections
D) Structural defects only
Answer A: Repeated episodes with successful eradication between
infections
