UNE Pathophysiology Final Question and Answer
[2026] | UPDATED ACTUAL Exam | Detailed
Answer Explanations
• Cardiac output is equal to heart rate time ________________ . CORRECT
ANSWER: stroke volume
• The normal pacemaker of the heart is the ____________________ . CORRECT
ANSWER: SA node
• The __________________ nerves increase heart rate and contractibility. .
CORRECT ANSWER: sympathetic
• At resting potential, a cardiac myocyte is __________ on the inside compared
with the outside of the cell. . CORRECT ANSWER: Negative
• Cross-bridge formation that results in muscle contraction requires intracellular
_________________ . CORRECT ANSWER: Calcium ions
• Thin filaments in cardiac myocytes actin and _____________ . CORRECT
ANSWER: troponin
• The ___________ arteries supply blood to the cardiac myoctes. . CORRECT
ANSWER: coronary
• Associated with differences in circulating estrogens and androgenic hormones .
CORRECT ANSWER: Gender
,• Predisposes to hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes . CORRECT
ANSWER: Obesity
• Results from genetic changes and high dietary intake of saturated fats .
CORRECT ANSWER: Hyperlipidemia
• Contributes to hypertension, urge to smoke and eat, and dysfunctional
carbohydrate metabolism . CORRECT ANSWER: sedentary lifestyle
• Stimulates catecholamine release, increasing blood pressure, cardiac work, and
oxygen demand . CORRECT ANSWER: smoking
• marker of inflammation and increased risk for coronary artery disease .
CORRECT ANSWER: Increase C-reactive protein
• Causes trauma to arterial walls and increased myocardial workload . CORRECT
ANSWER: hypertension
• Increases body weight and triglyceride levels and has direct toxic effects on
myocardium . CORRECT ANSWER: heavy alcohol consumption
• Associated with hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and arterial damage from
insulin resistance . CORRECT ANSWER: Diabetes
• A patient has an embolus lodge in the coronary artery. Which condition should
the nurse monitor for in this patient?
A. mitral stenosis
,B. Atherosclerosis
C. Aortic Aneurysm
D. Mycardial infarction . CORRECT ANSWER: D. myocardial infarction
• A nurse is how prolonged standing can lead to varicose veins. How should the
nurse respond?
A. prolonged standing causes a clot
B. prolonged standing increases a valves competence
C. prolonged standing leads to stunning, hibernation, and remodeling
D. Prolonged standing diminished the action of the muscle pump to return blood to
the heart . CORRECT ANSWER: D. prolonged standing diminished the action of
the muscle pump to return blood to the heart
• In the cardiac cycle, the ventricles contract during:
A. the refractory period
B. disease
C. repolarization
D. systole . CORRECT ANSWER: D. systole
• The effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on the heart is to:
A. increase the refractory period
B. increase the heart rate
C. decrease calcium influx
, D. decrease the strength of myocardial contraction . CORRECT ANSWER: B
increase the heart rate
• The heart chamber that receives blood from the pulmonary circulation is the:
A. right Atrium
B. right ventricle
C. left atrium
D. left ventricle . CORRECT ANSWER: D. left atrium
• Arterial baroreceptors are located in the
A. renal artery
B. superior vena cava
C. aortic arch
D. circle of Willis . CORRECT ANSWER: C. aortic arch
• According to starlings law of the heart, a small increase in left ventricular end-
diastolic volumes in the healthy heart will result in:
A. a decrease in force of contraction
B. an increase in myocardial oxygenation
C. an increase in heart rate
D. an increase in cardiac output . CORRECT ANSWER: D. increase in cardiac
output
[2026] | UPDATED ACTUAL Exam | Detailed
Answer Explanations
• Cardiac output is equal to heart rate time ________________ . CORRECT
ANSWER: stroke volume
• The normal pacemaker of the heart is the ____________________ . CORRECT
ANSWER: SA node
• The __________________ nerves increase heart rate and contractibility. .
CORRECT ANSWER: sympathetic
• At resting potential, a cardiac myocyte is __________ on the inside compared
with the outside of the cell. . CORRECT ANSWER: Negative
• Cross-bridge formation that results in muscle contraction requires intracellular
_________________ . CORRECT ANSWER: Calcium ions
• Thin filaments in cardiac myocytes actin and _____________ . CORRECT
ANSWER: troponin
• The ___________ arteries supply blood to the cardiac myoctes. . CORRECT
ANSWER: coronary
• Associated with differences in circulating estrogens and androgenic hormones .
CORRECT ANSWER: Gender
,• Predisposes to hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes . CORRECT
ANSWER: Obesity
• Results from genetic changes and high dietary intake of saturated fats .
CORRECT ANSWER: Hyperlipidemia
• Contributes to hypertension, urge to smoke and eat, and dysfunctional
carbohydrate metabolism . CORRECT ANSWER: sedentary lifestyle
• Stimulates catecholamine release, increasing blood pressure, cardiac work, and
oxygen demand . CORRECT ANSWER: smoking
• marker of inflammation and increased risk for coronary artery disease .
CORRECT ANSWER: Increase C-reactive protein
• Causes trauma to arterial walls and increased myocardial workload . CORRECT
ANSWER: hypertension
• Increases body weight and triglyceride levels and has direct toxic effects on
myocardium . CORRECT ANSWER: heavy alcohol consumption
• Associated with hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and arterial damage from
insulin resistance . CORRECT ANSWER: Diabetes
• A patient has an embolus lodge in the coronary artery. Which condition should
the nurse monitor for in this patient?
A. mitral stenosis
,B. Atherosclerosis
C. Aortic Aneurysm
D. Mycardial infarction . CORRECT ANSWER: D. myocardial infarction
• A nurse is how prolonged standing can lead to varicose veins. How should the
nurse respond?
A. prolonged standing causes a clot
B. prolonged standing increases a valves competence
C. prolonged standing leads to stunning, hibernation, and remodeling
D. Prolonged standing diminished the action of the muscle pump to return blood to
the heart . CORRECT ANSWER: D. prolonged standing diminished the action of
the muscle pump to return blood to the heart
• In the cardiac cycle, the ventricles contract during:
A. the refractory period
B. disease
C. repolarization
D. systole . CORRECT ANSWER: D. systole
• The effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on the heart is to:
A. increase the refractory period
B. increase the heart rate
C. decrease calcium influx
, D. decrease the strength of myocardial contraction . CORRECT ANSWER: B
increase the heart rate
• The heart chamber that receives blood from the pulmonary circulation is the:
A. right Atrium
B. right ventricle
C. left atrium
D. left ventricle . CORRECT ANSWER: D. left atrium
• Arterial baroreceptors are located in the
A. renal artery
B. superior vena cava
C. aortic arch
D. circle of Willis . CORRECT ANSWER: C. aortic arch
• According to starlings law of the heart, a small increase in left ventricular end-
diastolic volumes in the healthy heart will result in:
A. a decrease in force of contraction
B. an increase in myocardial oxygenation
C. an increase in heart rate
D. an increase in cardiac output . CORRECT ANSWER: D. increase in cardiac
output
