NR 507 Final Exam Review |NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Latest Update (2026/2027) |With Actual Questions and Correct Verified Answers |Pre-Evaluated A+ |Brand New!!

NR 507 Final Exam Review |NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Latest Update (2026/2027) |With Actual Questions and Correct Verified Answers |Pre-Evaluated A+ |Brand New!! ________________________________________ Dermatomes - CORRECT ANSWER- - area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to the periphery of the body. ________________________________________ Substance release at the synapse - CORRECT ANSWER- - Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory- alzheimers Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). Parkinson disease ________________________________________ Spondylolysis - CORRECT ANSWER- - structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often. • Heredity • Other congenital spinal defects ________________________________________ motor and sensory areas of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER- - Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus. Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man). Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor ________________________________________ Ischemic penumbra - CORRECT ANSWER- - ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri- infarct tissue. • no structural damage ________________________________________ Cerebral infarction - CORRECT ANSWER- ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6- 12 hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours. Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd week. glial scarring. ________________________________________ excitotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER- Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron suicide. ________________________________________ Agnosia - CORRECT ANSWER- - the inability to recognize familiar objects. • tactile/spatial-parietal lobe • Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus (Parieral) • Object- Temporo-occipital area • Associated with CVAs ________________________________________ Subarachnoid hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWER- Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates. • ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma • IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation • compensatory increase in SBP ________________________________________ Meningitis - CORRECT ANSWER- Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococccus bacteria are most common Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF ________________________________________ Prostate cancer prevention - CORRECT ANSWER- - Eat a low fat diet - Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents ________________________________________ BPH and the urinary system - CORRECT ANSWER- - Chronic inflammation • Bladder outflow obstruction • Urge to pee often • delay in starting stream • Decreased force of stream • Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign) Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency ________________________________________ Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER- - fever • anemia, • anxiety, panic • thyrotoxicosis • hyperventilation ________________________________________ buffer molecules - CORRECT ANSWER--Plasma- Bicarbonate- carbonic acid and HGB. • Intracellular- Phosphate and protein • Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate ________________________________________ Cushing's disease - CORRECT ANSWER-- Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH (Corticotropin). • from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as small cell carcinoma of the lung. or adrenal tumor (rare) • HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPokalemia, HYPERglycemia, weight gain, thin hair, moon face, easy bruising, buffalo hump, protein wasting ________________________________________ Cause of hypoparathyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER--decreased PTH- Damage to or removal of the parathyroid gland during thyroid surgery.- genetic syndromes, familial hypoparathyroidism, diGeorge syndrome, and idiopathic, or autoimmune ________________________________________ Primary hypothyroidism labs - CORRECT ANSWER--*Increased levels of TSH and decreased levels of TH (Total T3 and total and free T4* Autoimmune- Presence of thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies ________________________________________ Thyroid Storm - CORRECT ANSWER- - occurs in people who have severe hyperthyroidism and are subject to extreme stress (infection, trauma, burns, surgery, emotional). • Sudden release and increased action of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) exceeding metabolic demands. • Hyperthermia, tachycardia, atrial tachylyshrythmias, high-output heart failure, agitation, n/v, diarrhea • Tx- beta blockers, block TH synthesis, corticosteroids, iodine, plasma exchange ________________________________________ Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism) - CORRECT ANSWER- - Increased metabolic rate, heat intolerance, thin hair, bulgy eyes, enlarged thyroid, heart failure, tachycardia, weight loss, diarrhea, warm skin, sweaty palms, pretibial myxedema. ________________________________________ Muscle contraction ions - CORRECT ANSWER- - Calcium is combined with troponin ________________________________________ Long bone growth - CORRECT ANSWER- - cartilage cells at the epiphyseal side of the physeal plate multiply and enlarge. Cartilage cells at the metaphyseal side of the plate are destroyed and replaced by bone. ________________________________________