VME 4906 Test 3 2026/2027 | 150+ Questions & Answers | Equine Behavior, Sensory Systems, Parasites, Gene Therapy & Pigeon Fever

This VME 4906 Test 3 2026/2027 study guide contains 150+ exam questions, correct answers, definitions and applied clinical concepts across 33 pages. It provides comprehensive review of equine behavior and communication, stress physiology, physical examination, sensory systems, parasitology, gene therapy, unwanted-horse welfare, euthanasia and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (pigeon fever). The document combines concise factual questions with clinical, diagnostic and management concepts, making it a broad Test 3 revision resource for equine and veterinary students. The opening section focuses on equine social organization and behavior. Students review hierarchical organization, dominance, social subgroups, positive and negative interactions, submission, vocal and odor communication, sleep and the neurohormonal response to stress involving ACTH, cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Body-language interpretation includes head and body position, ears, eyes, lips, nostrils and tail carriage, while the Flehmen response is connected with transfer of chemical signals to the vomeronasal organ. A substantial behavioral-health section examines equine stereotypies and abnormal behaviors, including cribbing, pawing, weaving, stall walking, self-mutilation and head shaking. The material discusses environmental and management factors associated with stereotypic behavior, such as insufficient social contact, weaning, restricted turnout, inadequate opportunities for foraging and stress. Head shaking receives particularly detailed treatment through seasonality, trigeminal nerve involvement, differential diagnoses and management considerations. The guide then provides a structured review of the equine physical examination. Students cover patient history and signalment, observation before entering the stall, respiratory effort, husbandry, mucous membranes, capillary refill, lymph nodes, jugular filling, heart and lung auscultation, limb and hoof assessment, digital pulses, gastrointestinal motility, rectal temperature and body-weight estimation. Normal ranges presented in the document include a respiratory rate of 8–20 breaths/minute, heart rate of 20–40 beats/minute, temperature of 99–101.5°F, and capillary refill time below two seconds. Another major section covers equine sensory physiology and neurobiology. The material reviews hearing from the pinna through the tympanic membrane and ossicles to the cochlea, equine pupil morphology, dichromatic color vision, binocular and monocular fields, mechanoreceptors, vibrissae and trigeminal sensory pathways. Taste questions address fungiform, foliate and circumvallate papillae, sweet, bitter, umami, sour and salty perception, while olfactory material distinguishes the main olfactory epithelium from the vomeronasal organ. Vestibular function, thermoreception and nociception are also included. The extensive equine parasitology section introduces endoparasites and ectoparasites, definitive and intermediate hosts, prepatent and patent periods, helminths, protozoans and arthropods. Diagnostic methods include fecal flotation, McMaster testing and the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT). Specific parasites covered include Anoplocephala perfoliata, Parascaris spp., large and small strongyles, Strongylus vulgaris, S. edentatus, S. equinus, Eimeria leuckarti and Gasterophilus spp., with questions addressing life cycles, migration, clinical disease, diagnosis and control. An important advanced section examines gene therapy and gene-delivery vectors. Students review candidate genes, therapeutic-gene delivery and distinctions between non-viral and viral vectors. The material compares integrative and episomal vectors, adeno-associated virus (AAV), adenovirus and retroviral vectors, including efficiency, packaging capacity, genomic integration, immune responses and persistence of expression. Applied research questions address GFP reporter vectors and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in osteoarthritis gene-therapy studies. The document also addresses unwanted horses and equine welfare, including reasons horses become unwanted, rescue and adoption options, euthanasia and carcass disposal. It reviews broad considerations associated with barbiturate overdose, gunshot and penetrating captive-bolt euthanasia, along with burial, landfill, rendering, cremation, composting and biodigestion. Transportation restrictions and welfare considerations for animals unable to travel safely are also discussed. The final section provides concentrated coverage of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and pigeon fever. Students review bacterial characteristics, environmental and insect-associated transmission, incubation, external and internal abscesses, clinical signs and diagnostic approaches. The material identifies culture of abscess material as the most definitive diagnostic method and discusses recovery, recurrence, isolation, environmental contamination and vector control. Relevant students: This document is particularly relevant for VME 4906 students, veterinary medicine students, pre-veterinary students, equine science students, animal science students, veterinary technology students and learners studying horse health, behavior and disease. It is especially useful for Test 3 preparation covering equine behavior, stereotypies, physical examination, sensory physiology, parasitology, parasite diagnostics, gene therapy, equine welfare and pigeon fever. The uploaded document identifies VME 4906 as the course code but does not identify a university, so University Not Specified is used rather than inventing an institutional affiliation. Keywords: VME 4906 Test 3, VME , VME , VME 4906 questions and answers, equine behavior, horse behavior, equine stereotypies, cribbing horses, head shaking horses, Flehmen response, equine physical exam, horse vital signs, equine sensory systems, horse vision, horse hearing, trigeminal nerve horse, vomeronasal organ, equine parasitology, horse parasites, fecal flotation, McMaster test, FECRT, Anoplocephala perfoliata, Parascaris, large strongyles, small strongyles, Strongylus vulgaris, Gasterophilus, equine gene therapy, viral vectors, non viral vectors, adeno associated virus, AAV vector, retroviral vectors, unwanted horses, equine welfare, horse euthanasia, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, pigeon fever, veterinary exam questions, equine exam preparation