APHY 102 MIDTERM EXAM - IVY TECH COMMUNITY
COLLEGE EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2026-2027 FOR GUARANTEED SUCCESS
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What is a hormone and how does it act?
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are
secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which
are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
What is a paracrine gland?
a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland?
A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
What is an endocrine gland?
A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the bloodstream and act on target
cells
,What is an exocrine gland?
A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a body surface.
Where is the thymus located?
mediastinum; behind the sternum
Where is the pineal gland located?
center of brain
Where are the reproductive organs located?
abdomen; pelvic
Where is the pituitary gland located?
sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of the brain
Where are the adrenal glands located?
on top of each kidney
Where is the pancreas located?
posterior to the stomach
,What are the two steroid hormones?
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones; estrogen and testosterone
Describe steroid hormones
-diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
Describe non-steroid hormones.
Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid
hormones, which body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with
receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Cellular changes
produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland?
The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones
for the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the
posterior pituitary remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository
for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that
regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion?
Hypothalamus
, Describe tropic hormones
stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
anterior pituitary hormones
ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of certain hormones from the outer layer of
the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in ovaries and
stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
posterior pituitary hormones
ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus during
childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive
tract during sexual activity
Thyroid hormones
Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - More Potent Than T4
COLLEGE EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2026-2027 FOR GUARANTEED SUCCESS
GET IT NOW!!
What is a hormone and how does it act?
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are
secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which
are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
What is a paracrine gland?
a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland?
A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
What is an endocrine gland?
A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the bloodstream and act on target
cells
,What is an exocrine gland?
A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a body surface.
Where is the thymus located?
mediastinum; behind the sternum
Where is the pineal gland located?
center of brain
Where are the reproductive organs located?
abdomen; pelvic
Where is the pituitary gland located?
sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of the brain
Where are the adrenal glands located?
on top of each kidney
Where is the pancreas located?
posterior to the stomach
,What are the two steroid hormones?
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones; estrogen and testosterone
Describe steroid hormones
-diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
Describe non-steroid hormones.
Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid
hormones, which body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with
receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Cellular changes
produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland?
The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones
for the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the
posterior pituitary remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository
for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that
regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion?
Hypothalamus
, Describe tropic hormones
stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
anterior pituitary hormones
ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of certain hormones from the outer layer of
the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in ovaries and
stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
posterior pituitary hormones
ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus during
childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive
tract during sexual activity
Thyroid hormones
Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - More Potent Than T4
