List the 3 types of angina pectoris, and briefly describe each, and state when they
would occur
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1) Atherosclerotic - is the most common form and is due to 'irreversible'
atherosclerotic obstruction of coronary arteries (plaques)
↪ precipitated by exertion
2) Vasospastic - spasm of part of coronary vessel (often at site of
atherosclerotic plaque)
↪ can occur at any time
3) Unstable - atherosclerotic plaque + platelet aggregation + vasospasm
↪ precursor of myocardial infarction
Give an example of a Ca2+ channel blocker used to treat arrhythmias.
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verapamil
(Class IV anti-arrhythmic agent)
Approximately what percentage of Canadian adults are diagnosed with
hypertension?
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23%
How many stages are there in the development of heart failure? What are they?
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There are 4 stages, A to D
A & B: at risk
C & D: symptoms
List the three ions involved in resting membrane potential & action potentials
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, Na+
Ca+
K+
Nitroglycerin preferentially acts on:
a) arteries
b) veins
c) coronary arteries
d) capillaries
e) 2 of the above
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e) 2 of the above:
b) veins
c) coronary arteries
It also relaxes smooth muscle in other tissues (e.g., bronchioles)
a) What are the adverse effects associated with taking Sildenafil with nitrates? Why?
b) How long should you wait between ingestion of sildenafil and nitrates?
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a)
◾ Severe hypotension
◾ Myocardial infarction
◾ altered vision (discrimination between green and blue)
The use of sildenafil presents a risk of acute myocardial infarction in
patients who have hypotension as a result of drug regimens (such as
nitrates) or low blood volume. Sildenafil produces a transient reduction in
, blood pressure.
b) should wait 24 hours in between
Which is the most serious out of the following:
a) atrial fibrillation
b) atrial flutters
c) premature ventricular contractions
d) ventricular fibrillation
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d) ventricular fibrillation
__Explanation__
- atrial arrhythmias do not always lead to ventricular arrhythmias therefore
CO not always affected
- premature ventricular contractions, if occasional, no need for treatment
- ventricular fibrillation = fatal if not treated immediately
What effect does aldosterone have on blood pressure? How?
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Leads to increased arterial pressure bc it causes renal salt and water
retention
What is the most common cardiovascular disease?
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would occur
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1) Atherosclerotic - is the most common form and is due to 'irreversible'
atherosclerotic obstruction of coronary arteries (plaques)
↪ precipitated by exertion
2) Vasospastic - spasm of part of coronary vessel (often at site of
atherosclerotic plaque)
↪ can occur at any time
3) Unstable - atherosclerotic plaque + platelet aggregation + vasospasm
↪ precursor of myocardial infarction
Give an example of a Ca2+ channel blocker used to treat arrhythmias.
,Give this one a try later!
verapamil
(Class IV anti-arrhythmic agent)
Approximately what percentage of Canadian adults are diagnosed with
hypertension?
Give this one a try later!
23%
How many stages are there in the development of heart failure? What are they?
Give this one a try later!
There are 4 stages, A to D
A & B: at risk
C & D: symptoms
List the three ions involved in resting membrane potential & action potentials
Give this one a try later!
, Na+
Ca+
K+
Nitroglycerin preferentially acts on:
a) arteries
b) veins
c) coronary arteries
d) capillaries
e) 2 of the above
Give this one a try later!
e) 2 of the above:
b) veins
c) coronary arteries
It also relaxes smooth muscle in other tissues (e.g., bronchioles)
a) What are the adverse effects associated with taking Sildenafil with nitrates? Why?
b) How long should you wait between ingestion of sildenafil and nitrates?
Give this one a try later!
a)
◾ Severe hypotension
◾ Myocardial infarction
◾ altered vision (discrimination between green and blue)
The use of sildenafil presents a risk of acute myocardial infarction in
patients who have hypotension as a result of drug regimens (such as
nitrates) or low blood volume. Sildenafil produces a transient reduction in
, blood pressure.
b) should wait 24 hours in between
Which is the most serious out of the following:
a) atrial fibrillation
b) atrial flutters
c) premature ventricular contractions
d) ventricular fibrillation
Give this one a try later!
d) ventricular fibrillation
__Explanation__
- atrial arrhythmias do not always lead to ventricular arrhythmias therefore
CO not always affected
- premature ventricular contractions, if occasional, no need for treatment
- ventricular fibrillation = fatal if not treated immediately
What effect does aldosterone have on blood pressure? How?
Give this one a try later!
Leads to increased arterial pressure bc it causes renal salt and water
retention
What is the most common cardiovascular disease?
Give this one a try later!
