UNE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ organisms causing infective endocarditis.
Answer: Streptococcus viridans, Staph epidermidis, Staph aureus, Strep
bovis
◍ What is Takayasu arteritis (pulseless disease).
Answer: generally affects young (<40) Asian females -early symptoms are
non-specific → fatigue, weight loss, fever
◍ An oncologist is using the TNM system to stage a cancer tumor. In this
system the N will denote.
Answer: Nodes
◍ function of hemoglobin.
Answer: In red blood cells, carries oxygen from the lungs to body's tissues
and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to lungs. It also maintains the
shape of red blood cells.
◍ paraoesophageal hiatal hernia.
Answer: portion of the stomach enters thorax through opening but GE
junction stays in abdominal cavity
◍ clinical findings of calcific aortic stenosis.
Answer: asymptomatic or can have angina (due to increased demand of
hypertrophic tissue) and/or syncope (due to poor brain perfusion → result of
low blood glucose, hypoxia, pump failure, dysrhythmia, or vascular
obstruction (clot))
,◍ Cancer cells stimulate new blood vessel growth by releasing:
A. angiogenic factors
B. telomerase
C. autocrine growth factors
D. lysosomal enzymes.
Answer: A. angiogenic factors
◍ When fibers stretch during diastole how does that effect contraction?.
Answer: contraction is stronger
◍ autocrine.
Answer: mediator acts on cell which secretes it (ie. cytokine release)
◍ mechanisms of brain injury: ischemia is a contributing factor either as.
Answer: the primary insult or as part of the secondary response to brain
injury
◍ Ascaris transmission.
Answer: fecal oral route
◍ Malignant Cancer.
Answer: Can kill host if untreatedConfirmed by invasive or metastasizing
natureTissue-specific differentiation (does not closely resemble tissue type
of origin)-Greater degree of differentiation or anaplasia indicates aggressive
malignancyGrows rapidlyMay initiate tumor vessel growthFrequently
necroticDysfunctional
◍ mycotic aneurysms.
Answer: can be due to embolization of septic emboli (infective
endocarditis)-direct infection (tertiary syphilis → spirochetes invade vaso
vasorum and resultant inflammatory response destroys vessels "obliterative
endarteritis"), or extension for an adjacent suppurative process
◍ H pylori infection leads to.
Answer: gastritis → peptic ulcer disease
◍ symptomatic aortic stenosis is associated with.
, Answer: sudden death
◍ defining feature of chronic bronchitis is.
Answer: mucus hypersecretion
◍ The health care provider discovers a patient has a low platelet count. Which
term should be used to describe the finding?.
Answer: thrombocytopenia
◍ mechanical obstruction of the esophagus disorders.
Answer: atresia, anatomic variants
◍ risk factors of Reye syndrome.
Answer: children recovering from a viral infection such as chickenpox or flu
or who have a metabolic disorder are most at risk, especially if they've been
taking aspirin
◍ cholestatic hepatitis.
Answer: very uncommon, may respond to steroids
◍ A patient undergoes a kidney transplant. The patient starts to reject the new
kidney. Which type of reaction is the patient experiencing?
A. antibodyb. allergyc. alloimmuned. autoimmune.
Answer: C. alloimmune
◍ chemical and cell injury.
Answer: drugs, lead toxicity, mercury toxicity
◍ "heterophile" antibodies are fairly diagnostic of.
Answer: mono/EBV
◍ elastin.
Answer: tissues also need the ability to stretch and recoil (ie. vessels which
conduct an arterial pulse) ○ elastic fibers are composed of elastin
surrounded by fibrillin
◍ Plasma oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure is maintained by the quantity of
plasma
A. lipids
, B. sodium
C. proteins
D. glucose.
Answer: C. proteins
◍ Risk.
Answer: Factor that when present increases the chance of disease Not
stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of
encountering a stressor
◍ Respiratory Alkalosis.
Answer: occurs when there is alveolar hyperventilation
◍ What is a scenario where DIC can occur?.
Answer: piece of placenta stuck in uterus can trigger heparin induced DIC
◍ cardiac tumors.
Answer: metastatic and primary neoplasms
◍ The primary aim of burn wound management is to.
Answer: Prevent microbial colonization of the wound
◍ functions of vitamin A.
Answer: maintaining normal vision; differentiate epithelial cells; enhance
immunity
◍ systemic effects of inflammation.
Answer: acute phase reaction/SIRS
◍ Dysplasia.
Answer: Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in
size, shape, and arrangement-Represents an adaptive effort gone
astray-Significant potential to transform into cancerous cells (preneoplastic
lesions) -Result from a persistant injury
◍ capillary hemangioma.
Answer: most common vascular tumor; affects skin, mucosa, SQ tissue,
liver, spleen, kidney → generally regresses spontaneously → typically on
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ organisms causing infective endocarditis.
Answer: Streptococcus viridans, Staph epidermidis, Staph aureus, Strep
bovis
◍ What is Takayasu arteritis (pulseless disease).
Answer: generally affects young (<40) Asian females -early symptoms are
non-specific → fatigue, weight loss, fever
◍ An oncologist is using the TNM system to stage a cancer tumor. In this
system the N will denote.
Answer: Nodes
◍ function of hemoglobin.
Answer: In red blood cells, carries oxygen from the lungs to body's tissues
and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to lungs. It also maintains the
shape of red blood cells.
◍ paraoesophageal hiatal hernia.
Answer: portion of the stomach enters thorax through opening but GE
junction stays in abdominal cavity
◍ clinical findings of calcific aortic stenosis.
Answer: asymptomatic or can have angina (due to increased demand of
hypertrophic tissue) and/or syncope (due to poor brain perfusion → result of
low blood glucose, hypoxia, pump failure, dysrhythmia, or vascular
obstruction (clot))
,◍ Cancer cells stimulate new blood vessel growth by releasing:
A. angiogenic factors
B. telomerase
C. autocrine growth factors
D. lysosomal enzymes.
Answer: A. angiogenic factors
◍ When fibers stretch during diastole how does that effect contraction?.
Answer: contraction is stronger
◍ autocrine.
Answer: mediator acts on cell which secretes it (ie. cytokine release)
◍ mechanisms of brain injury: ischemia is a contributing factor either as.
Answer: the primary insult or as part of the secondary response to brain
injury
◍ Ascaris transmission.
Answer: fecal oral route
◍ Malignant Cancer.
Answer: Can kill host if untreatedConfirmed by invasive or metastasizing
natureTissue-specific differentiation (does not closely resemble tissue type
of origin)-Greater degree of differentiation or anaplasia indicates aggressive
malignancyGrows rapidlyMay initiate tumor vessel growthFrequently
necroticDysfunctional
◍ mycotic aneurysms.
Answer: can be due to embolization of septic emboli (infective
endocarditis)-direct infection (tertiary syphilis → spirochetes invade vaso
vasorum and resultant inflammatory response destroys vessels "obliterative
endarteritis"), or extension for an adjacent suppurative process
◍ H pylori infection leads to.
Answer: gastritis → peptic ulcer disease
◍ symptomatic aortic stenosis is associated with.
, Answer: sudden death
◍ defining feature of chronic bronchitis is.
Answer: mucus hypersecretion
◍ The health care provider discovers a patient has a low platelet count. Which
term should be used to describe the finding?.
Answer: thrombocytopenia
◍ mechanical obstruction of the esophagus disorders.
Answer: atresia, anatomic variants
◍ risk factors of Reye syndrome.
Answer: children recovering from a viral infection such as chickenpox or flu
or who have a metabolic disorder are most at risk, especially if they've been
taking aspirin
◍ cholestatic hepatitis.
Answer: very uncommon, may respond to steroids
◍ A patient undergoes a kidney transplant. The patient starts to reject the new
kidney. Which type of reaction is the patient experiencing?
A. antibodyb. allergyc. alloimmuned. autoimmune.
Answer: C. alloimmune
◍ chemical and cell injury.
Answer: drugs, lead toxicity, mercury toxicity
◍ "heterophile" antibodies are fairly diagnostic of.
Answer: mono/EBV
◍ elastin.
Answer: tissues also need the ability to stretch and recoil (ie. vessels which
conduct an arterial pulse) ○ elastic fibers are composed of elastin
surrounded by fibrillin
◍ Plasma oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure is maintained by the quantity of
plasma
A. lipids
, B. sodium
C. proteins
D. glucose.
Answer: C. proteins
◍ Risk.
Answer: Factor that when present increases the chance of disease Not
stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of
encountering a stressor
◍ Respiratory Alkalosis.
Answer: occurs when there is alveolar hyperventilation
◍ What is a scenario where DIC can occur?.
Answer: piece of placenta stuck in uterus can trigger heparin induced DIC
◍ cardiac tumors.
Answer: metastatic and primary neoplasms
◍ The primary aim of burn wound management is to.
Answer: Prevent microbial colonization of the wound
◍ functions of vitamin A.
Answer: maintaining normal vision; differentiate epithelial cells; enhance
immunity
◍ systemic effects of inflammation.
Answer: acute phase reaction/SIRS
◍ Dysplasia.
Answer: Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in
size, shape, and arrangement-Represents an adaptive effort gone
astray-Significant potential to transform into cancerous cells (preneoplastic
lesions) -Result from a persistant injury
◍ capillary hemangioma.
Answer: most common vascular tumor; affects skin, mucosa, SQ tissue,
liver, spleen, kidney → generally regresses spontaneously → typically on
