UNE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◍ high voltage (1000 volts or greater) occurs from.
Answer: high-tension sources
◍ treatment of cerebral aneurysm.
Answer: surgical stabilization with aneurysm clipping or embolization
◍ spina bifida cystica.
Answer: if there is an external protrusion of the saclike structure
◍ kwashiorkor.
Answer: visceral proteins (primarily liver) mostly affected → protein
deprivation predominates / more severe clinical syndrome than marasmus →
visceral protein stores depleted → hypoalbuminemia results in generalized
edema which may mask weight loss → again, generally associated with
vitamin deficiencies / again often leads to immunodeficiency and secondary
infections
◍ Hypertensive Heart Disease.
Answer: presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in absence of other
precipitating factors
◍ permanent cells.
Answer: terminally differentiated and non-proliferative ○ most neurons,
cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle
◍ niacin (B3) deficiency causes.
Answer: clinical syndrome known as pellagra → 3 D's: dermatitis, diarrhea,
, dementia
◍ A patient has a recent spinal cord injury which term should the nurse use to
describe the loss of reflex function below the level of injury/lesion.
Answer: spinal shock
◍ first-degree burn: signs and symptoms.
Answer: local discomfort, erythema, ha, chills, n/v → typically self-limiting,
healing in 3-6 days
◍ clinical findings of HCM.
Answer: harsh systolic ejection murmur; exertional dyspnea, angina;
ventricular arrythmia
◍ rectum varicies.
Answer: hemorrhoids
◍ systolic dysfunction.
Answer: heart is too weak to pump against peripheral pressures → MI, HTN
◍ which valve is affected in 95% of cases of valvular heart disease?.
Answer: mitral valve
◍ Chromosomal Disorders.
Answer: Usually due to breakage and loss or rearrangement of chromosome
pieces during meiosis or mitosisMeiosisCrossing over errors: chromosome
portions lost, attached upside-down, or attached to wrong
chromosomeMitosisOpportunities for chromosomal breakage &
rearrangementGenerally due to an abnormal number of chromosomes and/or
alterations to the structure of one or more chromosomes Usually a result of
separation during meiosis
◍ HIV and AIDS affect on CD4+ Th cells.
Answer: It targets CD4 cells. The virus grabs on to the surface of a cell, gets
inside, and becomes a part of it. As an infected CD4 cell multiplies so it can
do its job, it also makes more copies of HIV.This is the cell that is taken
over and produces more HIV cells
,◍ frameshift mutations.
Answer: insertion (or deletion) of 1 or 2 base pairs changes the reading
frame of transcription
◍ Where does air enter the body?.
Answer: naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
◍ Contact Dependent communication.
Answer: cell interacting with receptor of target cell
◍ causes of high output failure.
Answer: Severe anemia Nutritional deficiencies Hyperthyroidism Sepsis
Extreme febrile state
◍ How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure.
Answer: The hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an
enlarged by weaker structure that holds more blood
◍ Polycythemias Absolute (Primary).
Answer: Neoplastic disease of the pluripotent cells of the bone marrow;
absolute increase in RBC mass as well as elevated WBC countViscosity
rises and can interfere with cardiac outputHypertension is common and may
cause dizziness, inability to concentrate, and difficulty hearing and
visionPlethoric or dusky red appearance ; cyanosis of lips, fingernails, and
mucous membranesPerson may experience itching and pain in the fingers
and toes; night sweats and weight lossGoal of treatment is to reduce blood
viscosity, so withdrawing blood periodically
◍ chronic inflammatory cells.
Answer: macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, mast cells
◍ why are stains important?.
Answer: they determine the anti bacterial or bitoic that needs to be used to
treat the bacteria
◍ acute gastritis clinical presentation.
Answer: will have dyspepsia and abdominal pain
, ◍ What is anasarca?.
Answer: severe generalized edema marked by profound swelling of
subcutaneous tissues
◍ clinical presentation of asthma.
Answer: episodes of severe dyspnea and wheezing; attacks last hours;
occasionally longer (status asthmaticus); air trapping / between episodes,
generally symptom-free → if investigation undertaken, subclinical
abnormalities usually detectable
◍ asbestosis.
Answer: seen in people who spend time in old buildings, shipyard workers
→ asbestos is used to prevent the spread of fire, but it is very toxic
◍ What are fibrinolytic proteins?.
Answer: synthesizes tPA
◍ studies demonstrate decreased morbidity and mortality with.
Answer: improved nutrition → can take several weeks to achieve
◍ Chronic stress.
Answer: long term exposure to stress can lead to serious health problems
because it disrupts nearly EVERY system in the body.
◍ Which of the following electrolytes is found in the highest concentration in
the intracellular fluid (ICF)
A. calcium
B. Chlorine
C. sodium
D. potassium.
Answer: D. potassium
◍ Define Adenoma.
Answer: Benign tumor of granular epithelial tissue
◍ hep A morbidity.
Answer: death occurs in 1% to 2% cases
ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◍ high voltage (1000 volts or greater) occurs from.
Answer: high-tension sources
◍ treatment of cerebral aneurysm.
Answer: surgical stabilization with aneurysm clipping or embolization
◍ spina bifida cystica.
Answer: if there is an external protrusion of the saclike structure
◍ kwashiorkor.
Answer: visceral proteins (primarily liver) mostly affected → protein
deprivation predominates / more severe clinical syndrome than marasmus →
visceral protein stores depleted → hypoalbuminemia results in generalized
edema which may mask weight loss → again, generally associated with
vitamin deficiencies / again often leads to immunodeficiency and secondary
infections
◍ Hypertensive Heart Disease.
Answer: presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in absence of other
precipitating factors
◍ permanent cells.
Answer: terminally differentiated and non-proliferative ○ most neurons,
cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle
◍ niacin (B3) deficiency causes.
Answer: clinical syndrome known as pellagra → 3 D's: dermatitis, diarrhea,
, dementia
◍ A patient has a recent spinal cord injury which term should the nurse use to
describe the loss of reflex function below the level of injury/lesion.
Answer: spinal shock
◍ first-degree burn: signs and symptoms.
Answer: local discomfort, erythema, ha, chills, n/v → typically self-limiting,
healing in 3-6 days
◍ clinical findings of HCM.
Answer: harsh systolic ejection murmur; exertional dyspnea, angina;
ventricular arrythmia
◍ rectum varicies.
Answer: hemorrhoids
◍ systolic dysfunction.
Answer: heart is too weak to pump against peripheral pressures → MI, HTN
◍ which valve is affected in 95% of cases of valvular heart disease?.
Answer: mitral valve
◍ Chromosomal Disorders.
Answer: Usually due to breakage and loss or rearrangement of chromosome
pieces during meiosis or mitosisMeiosisCrossing over errors: chromosome
portions lost, attached upside-down, or attached to wrong
chromosomeMitosisOpportunities for chromosomal breakage &
rearrangementGenerally due to an abnormal number of chromosomes and/or
alterations to the structure of one or more chromosomes Usually a result of
separation during meiosis
◍ HIV and AIDS affect on CD4+ Th cells.
Answer: It targets CD4 cells. The virus grabs on to the surface of a cell, gets
inside, and becomes a part of it. As an infected CD4 cell multiplies so it can
do its job, it also makes more copies of HIV.This is the cell that is taken
over and produces more HIV cells
,◍ frameshift mutations.
Answer: insertion (or deletion) of 1 or 2 base pairs changes the reading
frame of transcription
◍ Where does air enter the body?.
Answer: naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
◍ Contact Dependent communication.
Answer: cell interacting with receptor of target cell
◍ causes of high output failure.
Answer: Severe anemia Nutritional deficiencies Hyperthyroidism Sepsis
Extreme febrile state
◍ How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure.
Answer: The hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an
enlarged by weaker structure that holds more blood
◍ Polycythemias Absolute (Primary).
Answer: Neoplastic disease of the pluripotent cells of the bone marrow;
absolute increase in RBC mass as well as elevated WBC countViscosity
rises and can interfere with cardiac outputHypertension is common and may
cause dizziness, inability to concentrate, and difficulty hearing and
visionPlethoric or dusky red appearance ; cyanosis of lips, fingernails, and
mucous membranesPerson may experience itching and pain in the fingers
and toes; night sweats and weight lossGoal of treatment is to reduce blood
viscosity, so withdrawing blood periodically
◍ chronic inflammatory cells.
Answer: macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, mast cells
◍ why are stains important?.
Answer: they determine the anti bacterial or bitoic that needs to be used to
treat the bacteria
◍ acute gastritis clinical presentation.
Answer: will have dyspepsia and abdominal pain
, ◍ What is anasarca?.
Answer: severe generalized edema marked by profound swelling of
subcutaneous tissues
◍ clinical presentation of asthma.
Answer: episodes of severe dyspnea and wheezing; attacks last hours;
occasionally longer (status asthmaticus); air trapping / between episodes,
generally symptom-free → if investigation undertaken, subclinical
abnormalities usually detectable
◍ asbestosis.
Answer: seen in people who spend time in old buildings, shipyard workers
→ asbestos is used to prevent the spread of fire, but it is very toxic
◍ What are fibrinolytic proteins?.
Answer: synthesizes tPA
◍ studies demonstrate decreased morbidity and mortality with.
Answer: improved nutrition → can take several weeks to achieve
◍ Chronic stress.
Answer: long term exposure to stress can lead to serious health problems
because it disrupts nearly EVERY system in the body.
◍ Which of the following electrolytes is found in the highest concentration in
the intracellular fluid (ICF)
A. calcium
B. Chlorine
C. sodium
D. potassium.
Answer: D. potassium
◍ Define Adenoma.
Answer: Benign tumor of granular epithelial tissue
◍ hep A morbidity.
Answer: death occurs in 1% to 2% cases
