NUR 209 MED SURG 2 FINAL STUDY |
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS.
Hypocalcemia s/s - answer- - serum level below 9
- painful muscle spasms in calf/foot during rest or sleep
- positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs
- parethesias, tingling, numbness
- WEAK THREADY HEART RATE that may be slower or faster than normal
Hypocalcemia causes - answer- - inadequate oral intake of calcium and Vitamin D
- kidney failure
- malabsorption syndrome (Chrohn's disease)
- lactose intolerance
- ESKD
Hypocalcemia treatment - answer- - oral or IV calcium supplements
- seizure precautions
- Vitamin D to help with the absorption of calcium from the GI tract
Hypercalcemia s/s - answer- - serum level higher than 10.5
- severe muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes
- confusion
- lethargy
- INCREASED HR & BP
- severe prolonged - electrical conduction depression
- cyanosis, pallor
- blood clots
Hypercalcemia causes - answer- - excessive oral intake of calcium and Vitamin D
- kidney failure
- use of thiazide diuretics
Hypercalcemia treatment - answer- - D/C thiazide diuretics and replace with diuretics
that enhance excretion of calcium (lasix/furosemide)
- administer IV fluids (0.9% NS)
- sodium increases kidney excretion of calcium
Hypokalemia s/s - answer- - serum level less than 3.5
- THREADY, WEAK, IRREGULAR PULSE
, - orthostatic hypotension
- lethargy
- skeletal muscle weakness
- CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS
Hypokalemia causes - answer- - Excessive use of diuretics, digitalis, corticosteroids
- diarrhea & vomiting
- kidney disease
- wound drainage
- prolonged gastric suctioning
Hypokalemia treatment - answer- - increase serum potassium levels - oral of IV
potassium
- NEVER GIVE VIA IV PUSH
- hold diuretics
- fall prevention
- use potassium-sparing diuretics if NEEDED
Hyperkalemia s/s - answer- - serum level greater than 5.0
- SLOW, WEAK, IRREGULAR HEART RATE
- decreased BP
- profound skeletal muscle weakness
- CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIA - TALL PEAKED T WAVES AND WIDE QRS
COMPLEXES
Hyperkalemia causes - answer- - potassium-sparing diuretics
- salt substitutes
ACE inhibitors
- kidney failure
-rapid infusion of potassium containing IV solutions
Hyperkaelmia treatment - answer- - assess cardiac complications
- fall prevention
- Kayexalate
- hold oral potassium supplements
- potassium restricted diet
- tele montior
Hypovolemia (dehydration) s/s - answer- - INCREASED AND THREADY PULSE RATE
- dyspnea
- orthostatic hypotension
- flat neck veins and hand veins
- tenting of the skin
- diminished peripheral pulses
- decreased urine output
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS.
Hypocalcemia s/s - answer- - serum level below 9
- painful muscle spasms in calf/foot during rest or sleep
- positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs
- parethesias, tingling, numbness
- WEAK THREADY HEART RATE that may be slower or faster than normal
Hypocalcemia causes - answer- - inadequate oral intake of calcium and Vitamin D
- kidney failure
- malabsorption syndrome (Chrohn's disease)
- lactose intolerance
- ESKD
Hypocalcemia treatment - answer- - oral or IV calcium supplements
- seizure precautions
- Vitamin D to help with the absorption of calcium from the GI tract
Hypercalcemia s/s - answer- - serum level higher than 10.5
- severe muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes
- confusion
- lethargy
- INCREASED HR & BP
- severe prolonged - electrical conduction depression
- cyanosis, pallor
- blood clots
Hypercalcemia causes - answer- - excessive oral intake of calcium and Vitamin D
- kidney failure
- use of thiazide diuretics
Hypercalcemia treatment - answer- - D/C thiazide diuretics and replace with diuretics
that enhance excretion of calcium (lasix/furosemide)
- administer IV fluids (0.9% NS)
- sodium increases kidney excretion of calcium
Hypokalemia s/s - answer- - serum level less than 3.5
- THREADY, WEAK, IRREGULAR PULSE
, - orthostatic hypotension
- lethargy
- skeletal muscle weakness
- CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS
Hypokalemia causes - answer- - Excessive use of diuretics, digitalis, corticosteroids
- diarrhea & vomiting
- kidney disease
- wound drainage
- prolonged gastric suctioning
Hypokalemia treatment - answer- - increase serum potassium levels - oral of IV
potassium
- NEVER GIVE VIA IV PUSH
- hold diuretics
- fall prevention
- use potassium-sparing diuretics if NEEDED
Hyperkalemia s/s - answer- - serum level greater than 5.0
- SLOW, WEAK, IRREGULAR HEART RATE
- decreased BP
- profound skeletal muscle weakness
- CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIA - TALL PEAKED T WAVES AND WIDE QRS
COMPLEXES
Hyperkalemia causes - answer- - potassium-sparing diuretics
- salt substitutes
ACE inhibitors
- kidney failure
-rapid infusion of potassium containing IV solutions
Hyperkaelmia treatment - answer- - assess cardiac complications
- fall prevention
- Kayexalate
- hold oral potassium supplements
- potassium restricted diet
- tele montior
Hypovolemia (dehydration) s/s - answer- - INCREASED AND THREADY PULSE RATE
- dyspnea
- orthostatic hypotension
- flat neck veins and hand veins
- tenting of the skin
- diminished peripheral pulses
- decreased urine output
