Medicine Year 1 – Complete Medical School Notes, Lectures &
Exam Q&A | Latest Update 2026/2027 | 200 Questions and
Verified Answers | A+ Graded
QUESTION 1
Which of the following best describes the primary function of mitochondria?
A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation
C) Lipid synthesis
D) DNA replication
Answer: B
Explanation: Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse of the cell" and are primarily responsible for
ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation. While mitochondria do contain their own DNA and
participate in other cellular processes, their main function is energy production.
QUESTION 2
The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is approximately:
A) +30 mV
B) 70 mV
C) 0 mV
D) 120 mV
Answer: B
,Explanation: The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is approximately 70 mV. This is
established by the differential distribution of ions across the cell membrane, primarily due to the activity
of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump and the greater permeability of the membrane to K⁺ ions.
QUESTION 3
Which tissue type is characterized by closely packed cells with little extracellular matrix and is found
lining body surfaces?
A) Connective tissue
B) Muscle tissue
C) Epithelial tissue
D) Nervous tissue
Answer: C
Explanation: Epithelial tissue is characterized by closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix. It
forms continuous sheets that line body surfaces, cavities, and glands. This arrangement allows epithelial
tissue to serve as a protective barrier and facilitate selective permeability.
QUESTION 4
The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the:
A) Nephron
B) Glomerulus
C) Renal corpuscle
,D) Collecting duct
Answer: A
Explanation: The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney contains
approximately 1 million nephrons, each consisting of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's
capsule) and a renal tubule. The nephron is responsible for filtering blood, reabsorbing essential
substances, and producing urine.
QUESTION 5
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the liver?
A) Bile production
B) Glycogen storage
C) Insulin secretion
D) Detoxification of drugs
Answer: C
Explanation: Insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas, not the liver. The liver performs
numerous functions including bile production, glycogen storage, detoxification of drugs and toxins,
protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism.
QUESTION 6
The type of immunity that is acquired through vaccination is:
, A) Natural active immunity
B) Artificial active immunity
C) Natural passive immunity
D) Artificial passive immunity
Answer: B
Explanation: Artificial active immunity is acquired through vaccination, where the body is exposed to an
antigen (weakened or inactivated pathogen) and mounts an immune response, producing memory cells.
This provides longlasting protection without causing the disease.
QUESTION 7
Which of the following cells is responsible for bone resorption?
A) Osteoblasts
B) Osteoclasts
C) Osteocytes
D) Chondrocytes
Answer: B
Explanation: Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption. They break
down bone tissue by secreting acids and enzymes, releasing calcium and phosphate into the
bloodstream. This process is essential for bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis.
QUESTION 8
Exam Q&A | Latest Update 2026/2027 | 200 Questions and
Verified Answers | A+ Graded
QUESTION 1
Which of the following best describes the primary function of mitochondria?
A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation
C) Lipid synthesis
D) DNA replication
Answer: B
Explanation: Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse of the cell" and are primarily responsible for
ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation. While mitochondria do contain their own DNA and
participate in other cellular processes, their main function is energy production.
QUESTION 2
The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is approximately:
A) +30 mV
B) 70 mV
C) 0 mV
D) 120 mV
Answer: B
,Explanation: The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is approximately 70 mV. This is
established by the differential distribution of ions across the cell membrane, primarily due to the activity
of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump and the greater permeability of the membrane to K⁺ ions.
QUESTION 3
Which tissue type is characterized by closely packed cells with little extracellular matrix and is found
lining body surfaces?
A) Connective tissue
B) Muscle tissue
C) Epithelial tissue
D) Nervous tissue
Answer: C
Explanation: Epithelial tissue is characterized by closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix. It
forms continuous sheets that line body surfaces, cavities, and glands. This arrangement allows epithelial
tissue to serve as a protective barrier and facilitate selective permeability.
QUESTION 4
The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the:
A) Nephron
B) Glomerulus
C) Renal corpuscle
,D) Collecting duct
Answer: A
Explanation: The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney contains
approximately 1 million nephrons, each consisting of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's
capsule) and a renal tubule. The nephron is responsible for filtering blood, reabsorbing essential
substances, and producing urine.
QUESTION 5
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the liver?
A) Bile production
B) Glycogen storage
C) Insulin secretion
D) Detoxification of drugs
Answer: C
Explanation: Insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas, not the liver. The liver performs
numerous functions including bile production, glycogen storage, detoxification of drugs and toxins,
protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism.
QUESTION 6
The type of immunity that is acquired through vaccination is:
, A) Natural active immunity
B) Artificial active immunity
C) Natural passive immunity
D) Artificial passive immunity
Answer: B
Explanation: Artificial active immunity is acquired through vaccination, where the body is exposed to an
antigen (weakened or inactivated pathogen) and mounts an immune response, producing memory cells.
This provides longlasting protection without causing the disease.
QUESTION 7
Which of the following cells is responsible for bone resorption?
A) Osteoblasts
B) Osteoclasts
C) Osteocytes
D) Chondrocytes
Answer: B
Explanation: Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption. They break
down bone tissue by secreting acids and enzymes, releasing calcium and phosphate into the
bloodstream. This process is essential for bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis.
QUESTION 8
