NR 546 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam Questions and Answers
1. Endoplasmic reticulum: protein folding occurs
2. Lysosomes: needed for digesting and defense
3. mitochondria: ATP cellular respiration
4. Nucleolus: Where RNA transcription occurs
5. Nucleus: contains DNA
6. peroxisomes: detoxifies fatty acids
7. Ribosomes: transport proteins and begin protein synthesis
8. What is the result of glycolysis: 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvate
9. Oxidative phosphorylation: The production of ATP using energy in the presence of
oxygen to convert pyruvate to acetyll co-A
,10. anaerobic glycolysis: pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
11. where is most ATP synthesized?: in the mitochondria
12. what part of the cell communicates with other cells to promote
migration?-
: the plasma membrane
13. Paracrine membrane contact: release of chemicals to cells close by
14. autocrine membrane contact: cells signal themselves
15. hormonal membrane communication: hormones act as chemical signals
16. neurohormonal membrane communication: neurons release
neurotransmitters that travel in the blood vs a synapse
17. what are examples of hormonal processes mediated by
cAMP: epinephrine ACTH
glucagon
ADH
thrombin
18. secondary messengers: involved in cell signaling
,-ligand binds to a receptor, signals cAMP or ca++
19. hypoxic injury: results from lack of O2, leads to DNA damage
20. what do reactive oxygen species result in: increased cell damage and
deah
21. what is tonicity: the osmotic force exerted by molecules like sodium and albumin
22. isotonic fluid deficit S/s and labs: dehydration
23. isotonic fluid excess s/s and labs: hypervolemia, low H&H, hyponatremia,
edema, pulmonary edema, HTN
24. Na+ lab value: 135-145 mEq/L
25. K+ lab value: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
26. Ca+ lab value: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
27. Mg+ lab value: 1.5-3 mg/dL
28. what electrolytes are effected by kidney failure?: increased serum and
potassium, mag- nesium, and phosphare
29. What does aldosterone promote: sodium retention and potassium excretion
-leads to fluid retention
, 30. what does ADH promote?: water reabsorption in the collecting duct
31. what is the difference between DI and SIADH?: DI: low ADH
-polyuria
-hypernatremia
-dehydrtion
SIADH: excess
ADH,
-oliguria
-low urine output
-hyponatremia
32. what electrolytes to diuretics effect: sodium, potassium, and magnesium
33. describe potassium's effect on the heart: hypokalemia delays repolarization
leading to AV block and decreased skeletal muscle movement, potential respiratory arrest
hyperkalemia- shortened repolarization- fibrillation, muscle weakness, possible paralysis
34. which electrolyte can be used to treat hyperkalemia and why?:
calcium- it stabilizes membrane potential
35. describe the effect of PTH on calcium: PTH pulls calcium from bone to increase
amount in plasma
36. describe the effect vitamin D has on calcium: VD increases calcium
absorption in the intestines
37. describe the effect magnesium has on calcium: magnesium blocks
calcium uptake in cells leading to smooth muscle relaxation- anticonvulsant
38. how does magnesium deficiency effect calcium: magnesium
deficiency decreases PTH release leading to hypocalcemia
Midterm Exam Questions and Answers
1. Endoplasmic reticulum: protein folding occurs
2. Lysosomes: needed for digesting and defense
3. mitochondria: ATP cellular respiration
4. Nucleolus: Where RNA transcription occurs
5. Nucleus: contains DNA
6. peroxisomes: detoxifies fatty acids
7. Ribosomes: transport proteins and begin protein synthesis
8. What is the result of glycolysis: 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvate
9. Oxidative phosphorylation: The production of ATP using energy in the presence of
oxygen to convert pyruvate to acetyll co-A
,10. anaerobic glycolysis: pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
11. where is most ATP synthesized?: in the mitochondria
12. what part of the cell communicates with other cells to promote
migration?-
: the plasma membrane
13. Paracrine membrane contact: release of chemicals to cells close by
14. autocrine membrane contact: cells signal themselves
15. hormonal membrane communication: hormones act as chemical signals
16. neurohormonal membrane communication: neurons release
neurotransmitters that travel in the blood vs a synapse
17. what are examples of hormonal processes mediated by
cAMP: epinephrine ACTH
glucagon
ADH
thrombin
18. secondary messengers: involved in cell signaling
,-ligand binds to a receptor, signals cAMP or ca++
19. hypoxic injury: results from lack of O2, leads to DNA damage
20. what do reactive oxygen species result in: increased cell damage and
deah
21. what is tonicity: the osmotic force exerted by molecules like sodium and albumin
22. isotonic fluid deficit S/s and labs: dehydration
23. isotonic fluid excess s/s and labs: hypervolemia, low H&H, hyponatremia,
edema, pulmonary edema, HTN
24. Na+ lab value: 135-145 mEq/L
25. K+ lab value: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
26. Ca+ lab value: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
27. Mg+ lab value: 1.5-3 mg/dL
28. what electrolytes are effected by kidney failure?: increased serum and
potassium, mag- nesium, and phosphare
29. What does aldosterone promote: sodium retention and potassium excretion
-leads to fluid retention
, 30. what does ADH promote?: water reabsorption in the collecting duct
31. what is the difference between DI and SIADH?: DI: low ADH
-polyuria
-hypernatremia
-dehydrtion
SIADH: excess
ADH,
-oliguria
-low urine output
-hyponatremia
32. what electrolytes to diuretics effect: sodium, potassium, and magnesium
33. describe potassium's effect on the heart: hypokalemia delays repolarization
leading to AV block and decreased skeletal muscle movement, potential respiratory arrest
hyperkalemia- shortened repolarization- fibrillation, muscle weakness, possible paralysis
34. which electrolyte can be used to treat hyperkalemia and why?:
calcium- it stabilizes membrane potential
35. describe the effect of PTH on calcium: PTH pulls calcium from bone to increase
amount in plasma
36. describe the effect vitamin D has on calcium: VD increases calcium
absorption in the intestines
37. describe the effect magnesium has on calcium: magnesium blocks
calcium uptake in cells leading to smooth muscle relaxation- anticonvulsant
38. how does magnesium deficiency effect calcium: magnesium
deficiency decreases PTH release leading to hypocalcemia
