Biol 252 Module 4
How and where does ADH work? - ANS-Released from posterior pituitary, works in amassing
duct, inserts aquaporins into membrane for water reabsorption.
How and in which does aldosterone paintings? - ANS-Secreted through adrenal cortex, works in
distal tubule and collecting duct, will increase Na⁺ reabsorption.
How are anal sphincters managed? - ANS-Internal sphincter is involuntary (smooth muscle),
outside sphincter is voluntary (skeletal muscle).
How does ANP hormone decrease blood strain? - ANS-Released from atria whilst stretched,
inhibits renin and aldosterone, will increase Na⁺ and water loss in urine, reasons vasodilation.
How does blood pressure affect GFR? - ANS-High BP increases GFR; low BP decreases GFR.
How is glucose reabsorption performed? - ANS-Through secondary active shipping the use of
Na⁺-glucose cotransporter.
What are myogenic mechanisms that restore GFR? - ANS-Automatic constriction/dilation of
afferent arteriole to maintain strong filtration.
What are peritubular capillaries? - ANS-Capillaries that surround the proximal and distal tubules,
reabsorbing nutrients and water.
What are the duodenal hormones? - ANS-Secretin (stimulates bicarbonate), CCK (stimulates
pancreatic enzymes and bile launch).
What are the outcomes of angiotensin II? - ANS-Strong vasoconstrictor, stimulates aldosterone
launch (Na⁺ reabsorption), stimulates ADH launch (water reabsorption), stimulates thirst.
What are the endocrine functions of the kidneys? - ANS-Stimulate RBC production (EPO),
manipulate BP through RAAS (renin), and growth Ca²⁺ absorption (lively vitamin D).
What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal from internal to outer? - ANS-Mucosa,
submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa.
What are the capabilities of the kidneys? - ANS-Excretory, cardiovascular, and endocrine
features.
, What are the organs of the alimentary canal? - ANS-Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small gut, huge gut, rectum, anus.
What are the components of the kidney? - ANS-Renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pyramids,
renal sinus, and renal pelvis.
What are the elements of the renal tubule? - ANS-Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle,
distal convoluted tubule, and accumulating duct.
What are the products of spermatogenesis? - ANS-four haploid sperm cells.
What are the areas of the small gut and which gets chyme? - ANS-Duodenum (gets chyme),
jejunum, ileum.
What are the degrees of the ovarian cycle? - ANS-Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase.
What are the two primary components of the nephron? - ANS-Renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
What are the varieties of follicles within the ovary? - ANS-Primordial follicle, primary follicle,
secondary follicle, tertiary (Graafian) follicle.
What do every of the stomach cells produce? - ANS-DNES cells produce gastrin, leader cells
produce pepsinogen, parietal cells produce HCl, mucous neck cells produce mucus.
What happens whilst RAAS is energetic? - ANS-Renin is launched, converting angiotensinogen
to angiotensin I, which is then transformed to angiotensin II with the aid of ACE.
What hormones control spermatogenesis? - ANS-FSH stimulates spermatogenesis, LH
stimulates testosterone production, testosterone helps sperm formation.
What hormones control the menstrual cycle? - ANS-FSH (follicle growth), LH (triggers
ovulation), estrogen (thickens uterine lining), progesterone (maintains lining).
What is a nephron? - ANS-The purposeful and structural unit of the kidney, liable for filtration,
reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation.
What is absorption? - ANS-Movement of nutrients from GI lumen to bloodstream or lymph.
What is bile? - ANS-Emulsifier of fat, produced in liver, stored in gallbladder, released in
duodenum.
What is erythropoietin and while is it produced? - ANS-Hormone made by kidneys, released
whilst oxygen degrees in blood are low, stimulates bone marrow to growth RBC production.
How and where does ADH work? - ANS-Released from posterior pituitary, works in amassing
duct, inserts aquaporins into membrane for water reabsorption.
How and in which does aldosterone paintings? - ANS-Secreted through adrenal cortex, works in
distal tubule and collecting duct, will increase Na⁺ reabsorption.
How are anal sphincters managed? - ANS-Internal sphincter is involuntary (smooth muscle),
outside sphincter is voluntary (skeletal muscle).
How does ANP hormone decrease blood strain? - ANS-Released from atria whilst stretched,
inhibits renin and aldosterone, will increase Na⁺ and water loss in urine, reasons vasodilation.
How does blood pressure affect GFR? - ANS-High BP increases GFR; low BP decreases GFR.
How is glucose reabsorption performed? - ANS-Through secondary active shipping the use of
Na⁺-glucose cotransporter.
What are myogenic mechanisms that restore GFR? - ANS-Automatic constriction/dilation of
afferent arteriole to maintain strong filtration.
What are peritubular capillaries? - ANS-Capillaries that surround the proximal and distal tubules,
reabsorbing nutrients and water.
What are the duodenal hormones? - ANS-Secretin (stimulates bicarbonate), CCK (stimulates
pancreatic enzymes and bile launch).
What are the outcomes of angiotensin II? - ANS-Strong vasoconstrictor, stimulates aldosterone
launch (Na⁺ reabsorption), stimulates ADH launch (water reabsorption), stimulates thirst.
What are the endocrine functions of the kidneys? - ANS-Stimulate RBC production (EPO),
manipulate BP through RAAS (renin), and growth Ca²⁺ absorption (lively vitamin D).
What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal from internal to outer? - ANS-Mucosa,
submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa.
What are the capabilities of the kidneys? - ANS-Excretory, cardiovascular, and endocrine
features.
, What are the organs of the alimentary canal? - ANS-Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small gut, huge gut, rectum, anus.
What are the components of the kidney? - ANS-Renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pyramids,
renal sinus, and renal pelvis.
What are the elements of the renal tubule? - ANS-Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle,
distal convoluted tubule, and accumulating duct.
What are the products of spermatogenesis? - ANS-four haploid sperm cells.
What are the areas of the small gut and which gets chyme? - ANS-Duodenum (gets chyme),
jejunum, ileum.
What are the degrees of the ovarian cycle? - ANS-Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase.
What are the two primary components of the nephron? - ANS-Renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
What are the varieties of follicles within the ovary? - ANS-Primordial follicle, primary follicle,
secondary follicle, tertiary (Graafian) follicle.
What do every of the stomach cells produce? - ANS-DNES cells produce gastrin, leader cells
produce pepsinogen, parietal cells produce HCl, mucous neck cells produce mucus.
What happens whilst RAAS is energetic? - ANS-Renin is launched, converting angiotensinogen
to angiotensin I, which is then transformed to angiotensin II with the aid of ACE.
What hormones control spermatogenesis? - ANS-FSH stimulates spermatogenesis, LH
stimulates testosterone production, testosterone helps sperm formation.
What hormones control the menstrual cycle? - ANS-FSH (follicle growth), LH (triggers
ovulation), estrogen (thickens uterine lining), progesterone (maintains lining).
What is a nephron? - ANS-The purposeful and structural unit of the kidney, liable for filtration,
reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation.
What is absorption? - ANS-Movement of nutrients from GI lumen to bloodstream or lymph.
What is bile? - ANS-Emulsifier of fat, produced in liver, stored in gallbladder, released in
duodenum.
What is erythropoietin and while is it produced? - ANS-Hormone made by kidneys, released
whilst oxygen degrees in blood are low, stimulates bone marrow to growth RBC production.
