NUR 505 ACTUAL FINALS QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Foramen Ovale - ✔✔Fetal opening allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the
left atrium.
✔✔Ductus Arteriosus - ✔✔Fetal vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery into
systemic circulation.
✔✔Infant Heart Position - ✔✔More horizontal than an adult heart; apex may be located
in the fourth left intercostal space.
✔✔Pregnancy Blood Volume Changes - ✔✔Blood volume increases 40-50% above
prepregnancy levels.
✔✔Pregnancy Cardiac Output Changes - ✔✔Cardiac output increases approximately
30-40% and peaks around 25-32 weeks gestation.
✔✔Pregnancy Heart Position - ✔✔Enlarging uterus elevates the diaphragm, causing
the heart to assume a more horizontal position with slight axis rotation.
✔✔Age-Related Cardiac Changes - ✔✔Left ventricular wall thickens; valves fibrose and
calcify; endocardium thickens; myocardium becomes less elastic.
✔✔Cardiac Output in Older Adults - ✔✔Exercise cardiac output decreases 30-40%.
✔✔SA Node Fibrosis - ✔✔Age-related fibrosis and sclerosis affecting the conduction
system.
✔✔S1 Heart Sound - ✔✔Produced by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the
beginning of systole ('lub').
,✔✔S2 Heart Sound - ✔✔Produced by closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the
end of systole ('dub').
✔✔S3 Heart Sound - ✔✔Sound produced during rapid ventricular filling in early
diastole.
✔✔S4 Heart Sound - ✔✔Sound produced when the atria contract and force blood into
the ventricles near the end of diastole.
✔✔Pericardial Friction Rub - ✔✔Scratchy, grating sound caused by inflamed pericardial
surfaces rubbing together.
✔✔Gallop Rhythm - ✔✔Extra heart sound producing a three-beat cadence.
✔✔Systolic Click - ✔✔High-pitched sound heard during systole.
✔✔Opening Snap - ✔✔Sharp sound heard shortly after S2 when a stenotic AV valve
opens.
✔✔Murmur Grading Scale - ✔✔Grade I = Barely audible; Grade II = Soft but easily
heard; Grade III = Moderately loud; Grade IV = Loud with palpable thrill; Grade V = Very
loud, heard with stethoscope partly off chest; Grade VI = Heard without stethoscope
touching chest.
✔✔Mitral Stenosis - ✔✔Narrowing of the mitral valve causing obstruction of blood flow
from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
✔✔Aortic Stenosis - ✔✔Narrowing of the aortic valve causing obstruction of blood flow
from the left ventricle into the aorta.
✔✔Pulmonic Stenosis - ✔✔Narrowing of the pulmonic valve causing obstruction of
blood flow into the pulmonary artery.
✔✔Mitral Regurgitation - ✔✔Backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium
during systole.
✔✔Mitral Valve Prolapse - ✔✔One or both mitral valve leaflets bulge into the left atrium
during systole.
✔✔Aortic Regurgitation - ✔✔Backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle
during diastole.
✔✔Fetal Circulation - ✔✔Blood bypasses the lungs through the foramen ovale and
ductus arteriosus.
, ✔✔Closure of Ductus Arteriosus - ✔✔Normally occurs within 24-48 hours after birth.
✔✔Closure of Foramen Ovale - ✔✔Functional closure occurs as left atrial pressure
increases after birth.
✔✔Infant Heart Failure - ✔✔Inability of the heart to meet metabolic demands.
✔✔Increased Blood Volume in Pregnancy - ✔✔Blood volume increases 40-50% above
prepregnancy levels.
✔✔Increased Cardiac Output in Pregnancy - ✔✔Cardiac output rises approximately 30-
40% and peaks at 25-32 weeks gestation.
✔✔Increased Left Ventricular Mass - ✔✔Left ventricular wall thickness and mass
increase during pregnancy.
✔✔Horizontal Shift of the Heart - ✔✔Enlarging uterus elevates the diaphragm and shifts
the heart into a more horizontal position.
✔✔Left Ventricular Wall Thickening - ✔✔Age-related increase in ventricular wall
thickness.
✔✔Valve Fibrosis and Calcification - ✔✔Progressive stiffening of cardiac valves with
aging.
✔✔Decreased Cardiac Output During Exercise - ✔✔Exercise cardiac output declines by
approximately 30-40%.
✔✔Delayed Recovery After Stress - ✔✔Older adults require longer to return to baseline
heart rate after exertion or illness.
✔✔Cardiac Chest Pain - ✔✔Usually substernal pain precipitated by exertion, emotional
stress, or eating and relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.
✔✔Musculoskeletal Chest Pain - ✔✔Pain originating from muscles, joints, tendons, ribs,
or cartilage.
✔✔Gastrointestinal Chest Pain - ✔✔Pain caused by gastrointestinal disorders such as
reflux esophagitis, esophageal spasm, hiatal hernia, peptic ulcer disease, pancreatitis,
or cholecystitis.
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Foramen Ovale - ✔✔Fetal opening allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the
left atrium.
✔✔Ductus Arteriosus - ✔✔Fetal vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery into
systemic circulation.
✔✔Infant Heart Position - ✔✔More horizontal than an adult heart; apex may be located
in the fourth left intercostal space.
✔✔Pregnancy Blood Volume Changes - ✔✔Blood volume increases 40-50% above
prepregnancy levels.
✔✔Pregnancy Cardiac Output Changes - ✔✔Cardiac output increases approximately
30-40% and peaks around 25-32 weeks gestation.
✔✔Pregnancy Heart Position - ✔✔Enlarging uterus elevates the diaphragm, causing
the heart to assume a more horizontal position with slight axis rotation.
✔✔Age-Related Cardiac Changes - ✔✔Left ventricular wall thickens; valves fibrose and
calcify; endocardium thickens; myocardium becomes less elastic.
✔✔Cardiac Output in Older Adults - ✔✔Exercise cardiac output decreases 30-40%.
✔✔SA Node Fibrosis - ✔✔Age-related fibrosis and sclerosis affecting the conduction
system.
✔✔S1 Heart Sound - ✔✔Produced by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the
beginning of systole ('lub').
,✔✔S2 Heart Sound - ✔✔Produced by closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the
end of systole ('dub').
✔✔S3 Heart Sound - ✔✔Sound produced during rapid ventricular filling in early
diastole.
✔✔S4 Heart Sound - ✔✔Sound produced when the atria contract and force blood into
the ventricles near the end of diastole.
✔✔Pericardial Friction Rub - ✔✔Scratchy, grating sound caused by inflamed pericardial
surfaces rubbing together.
✔✔Gallop Rhythm - ✔✔Extra heart sound producing a three-beat cadence.
✔✔Systolic Click - ✔✔High-pitched sound heard during systole.
✔✔Opening Snap - ✔✔Sharp sound heard shortly after S2 when a stenotic AV valve
opens.
✔✔Murmur Grading Scale - ✔✔Grade I = Barely audible; Grade II = Soft but easily
heard; Grade III = Moderately loud; Grade IV = Loud with palpable thrill; Grade V = Very
loud, heard with stethoscope partly off chest; Grade VI = Heard without stethoscope
touching chest.
✔✔Mitral Stenosis - ✔✔Narrowing of the mitral valve causing obstruction of blood flow
from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
✔✔Aortic Stenosis - ✔✔Narrowing of the aortic valve causing obstruction of blood flow
from the left ventricle into the aorta.
✔✔Pulmonic Stenosis - ✔✔Narrowing of the pulmonic valve causing obstruction of
blood flow into the pulmonary artery.
✔✔Mitral Regurgitation - ✔✔Backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium
during systole.
✔✔Mitral Valve Prolapse - ✔✔One or both mitral valve leaflets bulge into the left atrium
during systole.
✔✔Aortic Regurgitation - ✔✔Backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle
during diastole.
✔✔Fetal Circulation - ✔✔Blood bypasses the lungs through the foramen ovale and
ductus arteriosus.
, ✔✔Closure of Ductus Arteriosus - ✔✔Normally occurs within 24-48 hours after birth.
✔✔Closure of Foramen Ovale - ✔✔Functional closure occurs as left atrial pressure
increases after birth.
✔✔Infant Heart Failure - ✔✔Inability of the heart to meet metabolic demands.
✔✔Increased Blood Volume in Pregnancy - ✔✔Blood volume increases 40-50% above
prepregnancy levels.
✔✔Increased Cardiac Output in Pregnancy - ✔✔Cardiac output rises approximately 30-
40% and peaks at 25-32 weeks gestation.
✔✔Increased Left Ventricular Mass - ✔✔Left ventricular wall thickness and mass
increase during pregnancy.
✔✔Horizontal Shift of the Heart - ✔✔Enlarging uterus elevates the diaphragm and shifts
the heart into a more horizontal position.
✔✔Left Ventricular Wall Thickening - ✔✔Age-related increase in ventricular wall
thickness.
✔✔Valve Fibrosis and Calcification - ✔✔Progressive stiffening of cardiac valves with
aging.
✔✔Decreased Cardiac Output During Exercise - ✔✔Exercise cardiac output declines by
approximately 30-40%.
✔✔Delayed Recovery After Stress - ✔✔Older adults require longer to return to baseline
heart rate after exertion or illness.
✔✔Cardiac Chest Pain - ✔✔Usually substernal pain precipitated by exertion, emotional
stress, or eating and relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.
✔✔Musculoskeletal Chest Pain - ✔✔Pain originating from muscles, joints, tendons, ribs,
or cartilage.
✔✔Gastrointestinal Chest Pain - ✔✔Pain caused by gastrointestinal disorders such as
reflux esophagitis, esophageal spasm, hiatal hernia, peptic ulcer disease, pancreatitis,
or cholecystitis.
