Reading and Writing
Lesson 1: The Reading Process ● Adjusting Strategies. Effective readers can modify Lesson 3: Levels of Comprehension
their approaches in real-time, selecting different
Overview of reading and comprehension strategies Reading comprehension is the ability to understand,
techniques such as summarization or visualization to
interpret, and make meaning from texts. It involves connecting
enhance their understanding of the material being
What is Reading? ideas, recognizing language nuances, and drawing conclusions.
read.
For example, when reading a story, students identify characters'
● Constructing Meaning. Reading involves actively motivations and underlying themes to gain deeper insights into
constructing meaning by connecting ideas from the Stages of Reading Process
the narrative.
text with existing knowledge, leading to a deeper 1. Pre-Reading: Activating prior knowledge and making
understanding and personal engagement with the predictions. 4 Levels of Reading Comprehension :
material. 2. While-Reading: Monitoring understanding and
● Decoding & Comprehension. Effective reading Literal Comprehension
annotating text effectively.
Understanding information directly from the text.
requires both decoding words and comprehending 3. Post-Reading: Summarizing main ideas and
Literal comprehension involves understanding the
their meanings. This dual process enables readers to evaluating comprehension.
explicit meaning of a text. It requires readers to identify facts
grasp concepts and integrate information, enhancing 4. Evaluation: Reflecting on the reading experience and
and details directly stated. For example, a question might ask,
overall literacy skills. learning outcomes.
“What color is the car mentioned in the passage?” to assess
● Purposeful Action. Reading is a purposeful action,
basic comprehension skills.
driven by specific goals and intentions. Whether for The Plot Pyramid
learning or enjoyment, this focus shapes the reader's Inferential Comprehension
1. The exposition introduces key elements such as
approach and influences comprehension strategies. Reading between the lines for deeper meaning.
characters, setting, and background information,
Inferential comprehension involves understanding
establishing the context for the story and engaging
Schema Theory (Background Knowledge) beyond the literal meaning of text. It requires readers to analyze
the reader's interest.
clues, draw conclusions, and make inferences. This skill
Schemas are essential for understanding as they 2. In the rising action, conflicts begin to develop,
enhances critical thinking, allowing students to connect ideas
provide a framework for integrating new information based on challenges arise, and suspense builds, pushing the
and develop deeper insights into the material they engage with.
existing knowledge and experiences. narrative forward and keeping the reader invested in
the outcome. Evaluative Comprehension
Types of Schema Critically assessing the text's content and message.
● Content schema refers to the knowledge about 3. The climax is the turning point of the story, where the
main conflict reaches its peak intensity, leading to Evaluative comprehension involves assessing and
specific topics, allowing readers to connect new
significant change and determining the direction of the judging the information presented in texts. It requires critical
information to what they already know, enhancing
narrative. thinking to determine the value and credibility of sources, and
their understanding and retention.
4. The falling action is the part of the story that comes encourages readers to form opinions based on evidence,
● Linguistic schema involves the knowledge of
right after the climax. The tension starts to decrease, enhancing their understanding of the material's context and
vocabulary and grammar, enabling readers to decode
and the story begins moving toward a solution. implications.
texts effectively, comprehend meanings, and use
language structures accurately in various contexts. Conflicts are being addressed, and events are Applied Comprehension
● Formal schema encompasses the understanding of calming down. Using comprehension skills in real-world contexts.
text structures, such as genres and formats, helping 5. The resolution is the ending of the story. The main Applied comprehension involves using information
readers anticipate content organization and navigate conflict is fully resolved, and the story concludes. It from texts to solve real-world problems and make informed
texts more successfully during reading shows the final outcome for the characters. decisions. It emphasizes the practical application of knowledge
comprehension. gained through reading, encouraging students to think critically
Key Takeaways from Reading: about
how concepts can be utilized in everyday situations.
Lesson 2: Metacognitive Process Active Process: Reading is an active process where
students engage with the text, connecting their existing
Thinking about thinking Summary of Key Takeaways
knowledge to new information to construct meaning effectively.
Schema Support: Schemas provide necessary Understanding: Reading comprehension involves
Metacognitive Processes in Reading background knowledge, helping learners understand and grasping text meanings.
● Thinking About Thinking. Metacognition involves interpret texts, enhancing overall comprehension by connecting Levels: Four levels guide our reading skills.
awareness of one's own thought processes, enabling prior experiences to new ideas. Application: Real-life examples enhance
readers to understand how they comprehend text and Metacognitive Improvement: Metacognition enables comprehension effectiveness.
how they can improve their understanding. students to reflect on their thinking and learning strategies,
allowing them to adjust their approaches, leading to improved
● Self-Monitoring. Students should regularly assess
understanding and retention of material.
LESSON 4: THE PROCESS APPROACH
their comprehension while reading, identifying when
Process writing is to move away from the view that
they are confused or need to adjust their reading
written texts are a collection of grammatically correct sentences.
strategies for better clarity and retention.
Process writing is connected with the different subskills that the
Reviewer nina Jillian at Monique 1
, Reading and Writing
language writers use when they write. Self-editing. Example: A paragraph discussing study habits should
Conferencing. not include information about hobbies.
Theoretical Underpinnings Reformulation.
COHERENCE IN PARAGRAPH WRITING
Whole class discussion of how a particular text might Coherence refers to the logical flow and organization
Merriwether (1997): Writing is a process which
need adjustment according to the audience it is of ideas in a paragraph.
involves several identifiable steps.
addressed to. Example: Ideas are arranged in order using
Nunan (1999): The Process approach focuses on the
steps involved in creating a piece of work. POST-WRITING transitions such as first, next, and finally.
Jordan (1997): Process writing evolved as a reaction
COHESION IN PARAGRAPH WRITING
to the product approach. EVALUATION Cohesion is the use of words and phrases that
Process theorists of the 60’s and 70’s: Writing is A rubric is... connect sentences together.
the result of a long, laborious, intensely personal process in an assessment tool Examples include: Transitional words; Pronouns;
which writers address several questions ranging from “What do I a scoring guide (a guide for students and teachers Repeated key terms
write about? Who is my audience? How do I structure my before an assignment begins)
essay?” to “What sort of language and voice should I use?” HOW TO APPLY UNITY:
1. Identify your main idea before writing
PUBLISHING
Publishing the final product and sharing it with an 2. Remove sentences that do not support the topic
appropriate audience. It may be oral, visual, or written. 3. Make sure all details relate to the topic sentence
HOW TO APPLY COHERENCE:
ADVANTAGES 1. Arrange ideas in a logical order
2. Use appropriate transitions
Encourages students to communicate their own
3. Ensure smooth flow from one sentence to another
written messages.
Communication of the message is paramount and HOW TO APPLY COHESION
therefore the developing, but inaccurate attempts at 1. Use pronouns correctly
handwriting, spelling, and grammar are accepted. These skills 2. Repeat key words when needed
are further developed in individual and small group conference 3. Add linking and transitional expressions
interviews.
WHY ARE THESE IMPORTANT?
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES Unity, coherence, and cohesion help readers:
DISADVANTAGES Understand ideas easily
PRE-WRITING
Group Brainstorming Process writing could be time-consuming with large Follow the writer's message clearly
Group research on a writing topic classes. Teachers may not have enough time to schedule Stay engaged with the text
Questioning (Journalist Questions) individual writing conferences in large classes. LESSON SUMMARY:
Discussion and Debate Lots of grading for the teacher. 1. Paragraph writing focuses on one main idea
Cubing Learners who are unused to process writing will view 2. Unity keeps ideas focused
- describe it - analyze it revision as a sign of failure. 3. Coherence ensures logical flow
- compare it -apply it 4. Cohesion connects sentences smoothly
- associate it "Good writing does not just happen. The best writers
- argue for or against it spend a great deal of time thinking, planning, rewriting, and
Mapping / Clustering. The preferred prewriting editing." - Elizabeth West
Lesson 6: Descriptive and Informational
technique for writers who are visually oriented Texts
because it allows them to generate and organize LESSON 5: UNITY, COHERENCE, AND Understanding Writing Patterns
ideas in a visual context.
Outlining. COHESION IN PARAGRAPH WRITING Pattern Development
Pass-around topic. Paragraph writing is the process of organizing Pattern development involves the organization of
Dialogue Writing. sentences to develop one main idea clearly and effectively. ideas that guides writers in structuring their thoughts, making it
Looping A good paragraph contains: easier for readers to understand and engage with the content.
- A topic sentence Understanding why pattern development matters is
WHILE-WRITING crucial. It enhances clarity, ensures organization, and supports
Individual writing.
- Supporting details purpose-driven writing, enabling effective communication with
Collaborative writing. Students work together to write
- A concluding or transition sentence the audience.
a previously agreed text.
UNITY IN PARAGRAPH WRITING
Unity means that all sentences in a paragraph focus 2 Common Writing Patterns:
REVISING / EDITING 1. Descriptive writing engages readers by using vivid
Peer editing / Proof-reading. on one main idea.
sensory details that paint clear pictures. It enables
Reviewer nina Jillian at Monique 2
Lesson 1: The Reading Process ● Adjusting Strategies. Effective readers can modify Lesson 3: Levels of Comprehension
their approaches in real-time, selecting different
Overview of reading and comprehension strategies Reading comprehension is the ability to understand,
techniques such as summarization or visualization to
interpret, and make meaning from texts. It involves connecting
enhance their understanding of the material being
What is Reading? ideas, recognizing language nuances, and drawing conclusions.
read.
For example, when reading a story, students identify characters'
● Constructing Meaning. Reading involves actively motivations and underlying themes to gain deeper insights into
constructing meaning by connecting ideas from the Stages of Reading Process
the narrative.
text with existing knowledge, leading to a deeper 1. Pre-Reading: Activating prior knowledge and making
understanding and personal engagement with the predictions. 4 Levels of Reading Comprehension :
material. 2. While-Reading: Monitoring understanding and
● Decoding & Comprehension. Effective reading Literal Comprehension
annotating text effectively.
Understanding information directly from the text.
requires both decoding words and comprehending 3. Post-Reading: Summarizing main ideas and
Literal comprehension involves understanding the
their meanings. This dual process enables readers to evaluating comprehension.
explicit meaning of a text. It requires readers to identify facts
grasp concepts and integrate information, enhancing 4. Evaluation: Reflecting on the reading experience and
and details directly stated. For example, a question might ask,
overall literacy skills. learning outcomes.
“What color is the car mentioned in the passage?” to assess
● Purposeful Action. Reading is a purposeful action,
basic comprehension skills.
driven by specific goals and intentions. Whether for The Plot Pyramid
learning or enjoyment, this focus shapes the reader's Inferential Comprehension
1. The exposition introduces key elements such as
approach and influences comprehension strategies. Reading between the lines for deeper meaning.
characters, setting, and background information,
Inferential comprehension involves understanding
establishing the context for the story and engaging
Schema Theory (Background Knowledge) beyond the literal meaning of text. It requires readers to analyze
the reader's interest.
clues, draw conclusions, and make inferences. This skill
Schemas are essential for understanding as they 2. In the rising action, conflicts begin to develop,
enhances critical thinking, allowing students to connect ideas
provide a framework for integrating new information based on challenges arise, and suspense builds, pushing the
and develop deeper insights into the material they engage with.
existing knowledge and experiences. narrative forward and keeping the reader invested in
the outcome. Evaluative Comprehension
Types of Schema Critically assessing the text's content and message.
● Content schema refers to the knowledge about 3. The climax is the turning point of the story, where the
main conflict reaches its peak intensity, leading to Evaluative comprehension involves assessing and
specific topics, allowing readers to connect new
significant change and determining the direction of the judging the information presented in texts. It requires critical
information to what they already know, enhancing
narrative. thinking to determine the value and credibility of sources, and
their understanding and retention.
4. The falling action is the part of the story that comes encourages readers to form opinions based on evidence,
● Linguistic schema involves the knowledge of
right after the climax. The tension starts to decrease, enhancing their understanding of the material's context and
vocabulary and grammar, enabling readers to decode
and the story begins moving toward a solution. implications.
texts effectively, comprehend meanings, and use
language structures accurately in various contexts. Conflicts are being addressed, and events are Applied Comprehension
● Formal schema encompasses the understanding of calming down. Using comprehension skills in real-world contexts.
text structures, such as genres and formats, helping 5. The resolution is the ending of the story. The main Applied comprehension involves using information
readers anticipate content organization and navigate conflict is fully resolved, and the story concludes. It from texts to solve real-world problems and make informed
texts more successfully during reading shows the final outcome for the characters. decisions. It emphasizes the practical application of knowledge
comprehension. gained through reading, encouraging students to think critically
Key Takeaways from Reading: about
how concepts can be utilized in everyday situations.
Lesson 2: Metacognitive Process Active Process: Reading is an active process where
students engage with the text, connecting their existing
Thinking about thinking Summary of Key Takeaways
knowledge to new information to construct meaning effectively.
Schema Support: Schemas provide necessary Understanding: Reading comprehension involves
Metacognitive Processes in Reading background knowledge, helping learners understand and grasping text meanings.
● Thinking About Thinking. Metacognition involves interpret texts, enhancing overall comprehension by connecting Levels: Four levels guide our reading skills.
awareness of one's own thought processes, enabling prior experiences to new ideas. Application: Real-life examples enhance
readers to understand how they comprehend text and Metacognitive Improvement: Metacognition enables comprehension effectiveness.
how they can improve their understanding. students to reflect on their thinking and learning strategies,
allowing them to adjust their approaches, leading to improved
● Self-Monitoring. Students should regularly assess
understanding and retention of material.
LESSON 4: THE PROCESS APPROACH
their comprehension while reading, identifying when
Process writing is to move away from the view that
they are confused or need to adjust their reading
written texts are a collection of grammatically correct sentences.
strategies for better clarity and retention.
Process writing is connected with the different subskills that the
Reviewer nina Jillian at Monique 1
, Reading and Writing
language writers use when they write. Self-editing. Example: A paragraph discussing study habits should
Conferencing. not include information about hobbies.
Theoretical Underpinnings Reformulation.
COHERENCE IN PARAGRAPH WRITING
Whole class discussion of how a particular text might Coherence refers to the logical flow and organization
Merriwether (1997): Writing is a process which
need adjustment according to the audience it is of ideas in a paragraph.
involves several identifiable steps.
addressed to. Example: Ideas are arranged in order using
Nunan (1999): The Process approach focuses on the
steps involved in creating a piece of work. POST-WRITING transitions such as first, next, and finally.
Jordan (1997): Process writing evolved as a reaction
COHESION IN PARAGRAPH WRITING
to the product approach. EVALUATION Cohesion is the use of words and phrases that
Process theorists of the 60’s and 70’s: Writing is A rubric is... connect sentences together.
the result of a long, laborious, intensely personal process in an assessment tool Examples include: Transitional words; Pronouns;
which writers address several questions ranging from “What do I a scoring guide (a guide for students and teachers Repeated key terms
write about? Who is my audience? How do I structure my before an assignment begins)
essay?” to “What sort of language and voice should I use?” HOW TO APPLY UNITY:
1. Identify your main idea before writing
PUBLISHING
Publishing the final product and sharing it with an 2. Remove sentences that do not support the topic
appropriate audience. It may be oral, visual, or written. 3. Make sure all details relate to the topic sentence
HOW TO APPLY COHERENCE:
ADVANTAGES 1. Arrange ideas in a logical order
2. Use appropriate transitions
Encourages students to communicate their own
3. Ensure smooth flow from one sentence to another
written messages.
Communication of the message is paramount and HOW TO APPLY COHESION
therefore the developing, but inaccurate attempts at 1. Use pronouns correctly
handwriting, spelling, and grammar are accepted. These skills 2. Repeat key words when needed
are further developed in individual and small group conference 3. Add linking and transitional expressions
interviews.
WHY ARE THESE IMPORTANT?
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES Unity, coherence, and cohesion help readers:
DISADVANTAGES Understand ideas easily
PRE-WRITING
Group Brainstorming Process writing could be time-consuming with large Follow the writer's message clearly
Group research on a writing topic classes. Teachers may not have enough time to schedule Stay engaged with the text
Questioning (Journalist Questions) individual writing conferences in large classes. LESSON SUMMARY:
Discussion and Debate Lots of grading for the teacher. 1. Paragraph writing focuses on one main idea
Cubing Learners who are unused to process writing will view 2. Unity keeps ideas focused
- describe it - analyze it revision as a sign of failure. 3. Coherence ensures logical flow
- compare it -apply it 4. Cohesion connects sentences smoothly
- associate it "Good writing does not just happen. The best writers
- argue for or against it spend a great deal of time thinking, planning, rewriting, and
Mapping / Clustering. The preferred prewriting editing." - Elizabeth West
Lesson 6: Descriptive and Informational
technique for writers who are visually oriented Texts
because it allows them to generate and organize LESSON 5: UNITY, COHERENCE, AND Understanding Writing Patterns
ideas in a visual context.
Outlining. COHESION IN PARAGRAPH WRITING Pattern Development
Pass-around topic. Paragraph writing is the process of organizing Pattern development involves the organization of
Dialogue Writing. sentences to develop one main idea clearly and effectively. ideas that guides writers in structuring their thoughts, making it
Looping A good paragraph contains: easier for readers to understand and engage with the content.
- A topic sentence Understanding why pattern development matters is
WHILE-WRITING crucial. It enhances clarity, ensures organization, and supports
Individual writing.
- Supporting details purpose-driven writing, enabling effective communication with
Collaborative writing. Students work together to write
- A concluding or transition sentence the audience.
a previously agreed text.
UNITY IN PARAGRAPH WRITING
Unity means that all sentences in a paragraph focus 2 Common Writing Patterns:
REVISING / EDITING 1. Descriptive writing engages readers by using vivid
Peer editing / Proof-reading. on one main idea.
sensory details that paint clear pictures. It enables
Reviewer nina Jillian at Monique 2
