PHM 203 - PCT 4 Infectious
Diseases Midterm 2 2026 Exam
Questions and Answers |
Already Graded A+
Which antigenic phenomenon causes epidemics? - ANSWER
✔✔Antigenic Drift
Which antigenic phenomenon has variants created by point mutations in
the surface antigens of a particular subtype, resulting in small changes
in hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase molecules? - ANSWER
✔✔Antigenic Drift
,Which antigenic phenomenon is why there are changes in the annual
influenza vaccine, and the rationale behind the recommendation for
annual vaccination? - ANSWER ✔✔Antigenic Drift
Which antigenic phenomenon causes pandemics? - ANSWER
✔✔Antigenic Shift
Which antigenic phenomenon occurs when the virus acquires a new
hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase via genetic reassortment? -
ANSWER ✔✔Antigenic Shift
Which antigenic phenomenon may result in the emergence of a novel
influenza virus, but must also be able to replicate in humans, spread
person-to-person, or affect a susceptible population? - ANSWER
✔✔Antigenic Shift
How is influenza transmitted? - ANSWER ✔✔1. Large particle
droplets 2. Sneezing, coughing (respiratory) 3. Close contact
When does influenza start to shed, and what is the average duration of
shedding? - ANSWER ✔✔1-2 days before illness onset, 5 days
(longer duration in children, elderly, chronic illnesses,
immunocompromised hosts)
,What term describes an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma? -
ANSWER ✔✔Pneumonia
Which type of pneumonia is acquired in the hospital? - ANSWER
✔✔Nosocomial pneumonia
Which type of pneumonia is acquired in the community? - ANSWER
✔✔Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Which type of nosocomial pneumonia is acquired after being admitted to
hospital for ≥ 48 hours? - ANSWER ✔✔Hospital acquired pneumonia
(HAP)
Which type of nosocomial pneumonia is acquired after being intubated
for ≥ 48 hours? - ANSWER ✔✔Ventilator associated pneumonia
What term describes the potion of the lungs involved in gas exchange,
and are made up of thin walled alveoli? - ANSWER ✔✔Parenchyma
What is the usual pathophysiology of lung infections? - ANSWER
✔✔1. Pathogens accessing the lower respiratory tract 2. Impairment of
host defenses to clear microorganisms from lungs 3. Inflammation
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Which type of pneumonia is one of the most common causes of severe
sepsis and is the leading infectious cause of death? - ANSWER
✔✔Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
What are the ways that pathogens enter the lower airway? -
ANSWER ✔✔1. Aspiration of oropharyngeal contents (normal flora in
the oropharynx) 2. Direct inhalation (environmental pathogens) 3.
Hematogenous spread (through the blood → lungs)
What are the complications of pneumonia? - ANSWER ✔✔1.
Bacteremia and sepsis 2. Lung abscess 3. Empyema 4. Necrotizing
pneumonia 5. Death BLENDing pus in the lungs
What are the risk factors for pneumonia? - ANSWER ✔✔1. Age >65
2. Diabetes 3. Asplenia 4. Chronic CV, pulmonary, renal, or liver disease
5. Smoking and/or alcohol abuse
What is common within the risk factors for pneumonia? - ANSWER
✔✔Decreases the capability of lungs to clear organisms
In pneumonia, which organisms are involved when there is aspiration of
oropharyngeal contents? - ANSWER ✔✔1. H. influenzae 2. S.
pneumoniae 3. M. catarrhalis
Diseases Midterm 2 2026 Exam
Questions and Answers |
Already Graded A+
Which antigenic phenomenon causes epidemics? - ANSWER
✔✔Antigenic Drift
Which antigenic phenomenon has variants created by point mutations in
the surface antigens of a particular subtype, resulting in small changes
in hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase molecules? - ANSWER
✔✔Antigenic Drift
,Which antigenic phenomenon is why there are changes in the annual
influenza vaccine, and the rationale behind the recommendation for
annual vaccination? - ANSWER ✔✔Antigenic Drift
Which antigenic phenomenon causes pandemics? - ANSWER
✔✔Antigenic Shift
Which antigenic phenomenon occurs when the virus acquires a new
hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase via genetic reassortment? -
ANSWER ✔✔Antigenic Shift
Which antigenic phenomenon may result in the emergence of a novel
influenza virus, but must also be able to replicate in humans, spread
person-to-person, or affect a susceptible population? - ANSWER
✔✔Antigenic Shift
How is influenza transmitted? - ANSWER ✔✔1. Large particle
droplets 2. Sneezing, coughing (respiratory) 3. Close contact
When does influenza start to shed, and what is the average duration of
shedding? - ANSWER ✔✔1-2 days before illness onset, 5 days
(longer duration in children, elderly, chronic illnesses,
immunocompromised hosts)
,What term describes an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma? -
ANSWER ✔✔Pneumonia
Which type of pneumonia is acquired in the hospital? - ANSWER
✔✔Nosocomial pneumonia
Which type of pneumonia is acquired in the community? - ANSWER
✔✔Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Which type of nosocomial pneumonia is acquired after being admitted to
hospital for ≥ 48 hours? - ANSWER ✔✔Hospital acquired pneumonia
(HAP)
Which type of nosocomial pneumonia is acquired after being intubated
for ≥ 48 hours? - ANSWER ✔✔Ventilator associated pneumonia
What term describes the potion of the lungs involved in gas exchange,
and are made up of thin walled alveoli? - ANSWER ✔✔Parenchyma
What is the usual pathophysiology of lung infections? - ANSWER
✔✔1. Pathogens accessing the lower respiratory tract 2. Impairment of
host defenses to clear microorganisms from lungs 3. Inflammation
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Which type of pneumonia is one of the most common causes of severe
sepsis and is the leading infectious cause of death? - ANSWER
✔✔Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
What are the ways that pathogens enter the lower airway? -
ANSWER ✔✔1. Aspiration of oropharyngeal contents (normal flora in
the oropharynx) 2. Direct inhalation (environmental pathogens) 3.
Hematogenous spread (through the blood → lungs)
What are the complications of pneumonia? - ANSWER ✔✔1.
Bacteremia and sepsis 2. Lung abscess 3. Empyema 4. Necrotizing
pneumonia 5. Death BLENDing pus in the lungs
What are the risk factors for pneumonia? - ANSWER ✔✔1. Age >65
2. Diabetes 3. Asplenia 4. Chronic CV, pulmonary, renal, or liver disease
5. Smoking and/or alcohol abuse
What is common within the risk factors for pneumonia? - ANSWER
✔✔Decreases the capability of lungs to clear organisms
In pneumonia, which organisms are involved when there is aspiration of
oropharyngeal contents? - ANSWER ✔✔1. H. influenzae 2. S.
pneumoniae 3. M. catarrhalis
