NUR 505 Exam 2 Examination UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
• Tricuspid Valve -✓✓ Located between the right atrium and right ventricle. Opens
during diastole to allow blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle and closes
during systole to prevent backflow.
• Mitral Valve -✓✓ Located between the left atrium and left ventricle. Opens during
diastole and closes during systole to prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium.
• Pulmonic Valve -✓✓ Semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and
pulmonary artery. Opens during systole to allow blood flow into the pulmonary artery
and closes during diastole.
• Aortic Valve -✓✓ Semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and aorta. Opens
during systole and closes during diastole.
• Order of Cardiac Valves -✓✓ Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → Aortic.
• Systole -✓✓ Phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles contract and eject
blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
• Diastole -✓✓ Phase during which the ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria.
• S1 -✓✓ First heart sound ('lub') caused by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at
the beginning of systole.
• S2 -✓✓ Second heart sound ('dub') caused by closure of the aortic and pulmonic
valves.
• A2 -✓✓ Aortic valve component of S2.
• P2 -✓✓ Pulmonic valve component of S2.
• Split S2 -✓✓ Audible separation of A2 and P2.
• S3 -✓✓ Third heart sound occurring during rapid ventricular filling in early diastole.
• S4 -✓✓ Fourth heart sound occurring during atrial contraction near the end of diastole.
• Apical Impulse -✓✓ Visible or palpable impulse produced by left ventricular
contraction. Usually located in the fifth left intercostal space at the midclavicular line.
,• PMI (Point of Maximal Impulse) -✓✓ Point where the apical impulse is most strongly
felt, normally at the fifth left intercostal space, midclavicular line.
• Hyperdynamic PMI -✓✓ PMI that is more vigorous than expected.
• Thrill -✓✓ Palpable vibration felt over the precordium.
• Sinoatrial (SA) Node -✓✓ Natural pacemaker located in the wall of the right atrium.
• Atrioventricular (AV) Node -✓✓ Located in the atrial septum. Receives impulses from
the atria and delays transmission before sending impulses to the ventricles.
• Bundle of His -✓✓ Conducting pathway carrying impulses from the AV node to the
ventricles.
• Purkinje Fibers -✓✓ Specialized ventricular conduction fibers.
• P Wave -✓✓ Atrial depolarization.
• PR Interval -✓✓ Time from initial atrial stimulation to initial ventricular stimulation;
normally 0.12-0.20 seconds.
• QRS Complex -✓✓ Ventricular depolarization; normally less than 0.12 seconds.
• T Wave -✓✓ Ventricular repolarization.
• QT Interval -✓✓ Time from onset of ventricular depolarization to completion of
ventricular repolarization.
• Foramen Ovale -✓✓ Fetal opening allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left
atrium.
• Ductus Arteriosus -✓✓ Fetal vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery into
systemic circulation.
• Infant Heart Position -✓✓ More horizontal than an adult heart; apex may be located in
the fourth left intercostal space.
• Pregnancy Blood Volume Changes -✓✓ Blood volume increases 40-50% above
prepregnancy levels.
• Pregnancy Cardiac Output Changes -✓✓ Cardiac output increases approximately 30-
40% and peaks around 25-32 weeks gestation.
, • Pregnancy Heart Position -✓✓ Enlarging uterus elevates the diaphragm, causing the
heart to assume a more horizontal position with slight axis rotation.
• Age-Related Cardiac Changes -✓✓ Left ventricular wall thickens; valves fibrose and
calcify; endocardium thickens; myocardium becomes less elastic.
• Cardiac Output in Older Adults -✓✓ Exercise cardiac output decreases 30-40%.
• SA Node Fibrosis -✓✓ Age-related fibrosis and sclerosis affecting the conduction
system.
• S1 Heart Sound -✓✓ Produced by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the
beginning of systole ('lub').
• S2 Heart Sound -✓✓ Produced by closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the end
of systole ('dub').
• S3 Heart Sound -✓✓ Sound produced during rapid ventricular filling in early diastole.
• S4 Heart Sound -✓✓ Sound produced when the atria contract and force blood into the
ventricles near the end of diastole.
• Pericardial Friction Rub -✓✓ Scratchy, grating sound caused by inflamed pericardial
surfaces rubbing together.
• Gallop Rhythm -✓✓ Extra heart sound producing a three-beat cadence.
• Systolic Click -✓✓ High-pitched sound heard during systole.
• Opening Snap -✓✓ Sharp sound heard shortly after S2 when a stenotic AV valve
opens.
• Murmur Grading Scale -✓✓ Grade I = Barely audible; Grade II = Soft but easily heard;
Grade III = Moderately loud; Grade IV = Loud with palpable thrill; Grade V = Very loud,
heard with stethoscope partly off chest; Grade VI = Heard without stethoscope touching
chest.
• Mitral Stenosis -✓✓ Narrowing of the mitral valve causing obstruction of blood flow
from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
• Aortic Stenosis -✓✓ Narrowing of the aortic valve causing obstruction of blood flow
from the left ventricle into the aorta.
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
• Tricuspid Valve -✓✓ Located between the right atrium and right ventricle. Opens
during diastole to allow blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle and closes
during systole to prevent backflow.
• Mitral Valve -✓✓ Located between the left atrium and left ventricle. Opens during
diastole and closes during systole to prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium.
• Pulmonic Valve -✓✓ Semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and
pulmonary artery. Opens during systole to allow blood flow into the pulmonary artery
and closes during diastole.
• Aortic Valve -✓✓ Semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and aorta. Opens
during systole and closes during diastole.
• Order of Cardiac Valves -✓✓ Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → Aortic.
• Systole -✓✓ Phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles contract and eject
blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
• Diastole -✓✓ Phase during which the ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria.
• S1 -✓✓ First heart sound ('lub') caused by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at
the beginning of systole.
• S2 -✓✓ Second heart sound ('dub') caused by closure of the aortic and pulmonic
valves.
• A2 -✓✓ Aortic valve component of S2.
• P2 -✓✓ Pulmonic valve component of S2.
• Split S2 -✓✓ Audible separation of A2 and P2.
• S3 -✓✓ Third heart sound occurring during rapid ventricular filling in early diastole.
• S4 -✓✓ Fourth heart sound occurring during atrial contraction near the end of diastole.
• Apical Impulse -✓✓ Visible or palpable impulse produced by left ventricular
contraction. Usually located in the fifth left intercostal space at the midclavicular line.
,• PMI (Point of Maximal Impulse) -✓✓ Point where the apical impulse is most strongly
felt, normally at the fifth left intercostal space, midclavicular line.
• Hyperdynamic PMI -✓✓ PMI that is more vigorous than expected.
• Thrill -✓✓ Palpable vibration felt over the precordium.
• Sinoatrial (SA) Node -✓✓ Natural pacemaker located in the wall of the right atrium.
• Atrioventricular (AV) Node -✓✓ Located in the atrial septum. Receives impulses from
the atria and delays transmission before sending impulses to the ventricles.
• Bundle of His -✓✓ Conducting pathway carrying impulses from the AV node to the
ventricles.
• Purkinje Fibers -✓✓ Specialized ventricular conduction fibers.
• P Wave -✓✓ Atrial depolarization.
• PR Interval -✓✓ Time from initial atrial stimulation to initial ventricular stimulation;
normally 0.12-0.20 seconds.
• QRS Complex -✓✓ Ventricular depolarization; normally less than 0.12 seconds.
• T Wave -✓✓ Ventricular repolarization.
• QT Interval -✓✓ Time from onset of ventricular depolarization to completion of
ventricular repolarization.
• Foramen Ovale -✓✓ Fetal opening allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left
atrium.
• Ductus Arteriosus -✓✓ Fetal vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery into
systemic circulation.
• Infant Heart Position -✓✓ More horizontal than an adult heart; apex may be located in
the fourth left intercostal space.
• Pregnancy Blood Volume Changes -✓✓ Blood volume increases 40-50% above
prepregnancy levels.
• Pregnancy Cardiac Output Changes -✓✓ Cardiac output increases approximately 30-
40% and peaks around 25-32 weeks gestation.
, • Pregnancy Heart Position -✓✓ Enlarging uterus elevates the diaphragm, causing the
heart to assume a more horizontal position with slight axis rotation.
• Age-Related Cardiac Changes -✓✓ Left ventricular wall thickens; valves fibrose and
calcify; endocardium thickens; myocardium becomes less elastic.
• Cardiac Output in Older Adults -✓✓ Exercise cardiac output decreases 30-40%.
• SA Node Fibrosis -✓✓ Age-related fibrosis and sclerosis affecting the conduction
system.
• S1 Heart Sound -✓✓ Produced by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the
beginning of systole ('lub').
• S2 Heart Sound -✓✓ Produced by closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the end
of systole ('dub').
• S3 Heart Sound -✓✓ Sound produced during rapid ventricular filling in early diastole.
• S4 Heart Sound -✓✓ Sound produced when the atria contract and force blood into the
ventricles near the end of diastole.
• Pericardial Friction Rub -✓✓ Scratchy, grating sound caused by inflamed pericardial
surfaces rubbing together.
• Gallop Rhythm -✓✓ Extra heart sound producing a three-beat cadence.
• Systolic Click -✓✓ High-pitched sound heard during systole.
• Opening Snap -✓✓ Sharp sound heard shortly after S2 when a stenotic AV valve
opens.
• Murmur Grading Scale -✓✓ Grade I = Barely audible; Grade II = Soft but easily heard;
Grade III = Moderately loud; Grade IV = Loud with palpable thrill; Grade V = Very loud,
heard with stethoscope partly off chest; Grade VI = Heard without stethoscope touching
chest.
• Mitral Stenosis -✓✓ Narrowing of the mitral valve causing obstruction of blood flow
from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
• Aortic Stenosis -✓✓ Narrowing of the aortic valve causing obstruction of blood flow
from the left ventricle into the aorta.
