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BIOL 252 Module 3 Questions and Answers with Complete
Solutions UPDATED!!!
Alterations in Blood Pressure - ANSWER Improvements in
vascular function during exercise
Heart is a muscle and exercise increases CO and BP
Exercise can lead to a stronger heart (more mitochondria)
Tissue perfusion increased during exercise
Arterial Blood Pressure - ANSWER Systolic and diastolic
Pulse pressure
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Arterial System Vessels - ANSWER Carry blood away from heart
Thicker walls and greater pressure
Elastic arteries: closest to heart, >10mm, high elastic fibers,
recoil to return to shape, pressure gradient, conducting
Muscular arteries: further, intima decreases and media
increases, vasoconstriction, less elastic fibers, distributes
Arteriole: small, lumen 30 qm, leads to capillary, resistance
vessels, BP drops, vascular tone (slight contraction)
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Arteries of Abdominal Cavity - ANSWER Unpaired branches =
one
-celiac trunk: left gastric (stomach and esoph.), splenic (spleen,
stomach, panc.), common hepatic (liver, gall., stom.)
-superior mesenteric: small intestine
-inferior mesenteric: distal colon and rectum
Paired branches = R + L
-inferior phrenic: inferior of diaphragm
-suprarenal: adrenal
-renal: kidneys
-gonadal: ovaries or testes
-lumbar: lumbar region, abdominal wall, spinal cord
Arteries of Upper Limb - ANSWER 1. Subclavian - blood to arm
2. Axillary - subclavian to armpit
3. Brachial - front of upper arm, arm and forearm
4. Radial + ulnar - branch off brachial, forearm, hand, radial
lateral, ulnar medial
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5. Superficial + deep palmar arches - palm, digital artery
branches
Autoregulatory Mechanisms for Blood Flow - ANSWER Local,
self-regulatory
Allow each region to adjust blood flow as needed
Does not require nervous stimulation or endocrine control
Azygos System - ANSWER Alternate route for venous blood
return if inferior vena cava is compromised
Azygos vein = abdomen to lumbar veins, ascends through
posterior mediastinum to right of vertebral column
-drain blood from posterior intercostal, esophageal, brachial
veins and delivers to SVC
Hemiazygos vein = abdomen draining, ascending lumbar veins
on left and runs left of posterior chest wall
-blood from esophageal veins and left intercostal veins
-joins azygos vein and return blood to brachiocephalic vein
Benefits of Exercise for Vascular Health - ANSWER Reduced risk
of plaque formation
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Increased efficiency of blood delivery
Decreased cholesterol and decreased BP
Nonathlete at rest: SV = 60mL, HR = 83 bpm
Athlete at rest: SV = 100 mL, HR = 53 bpm
Blood Flow - ANSWER Movement through a blood vessel,
tissue, organ
Volume of blood/unit of time
Starts with ventricular contraction
High pressure to low pressure
Resistance = any factor slowing fluid or resisting flow
Form of hydrostatic pressure (pressure exerted by fluid)
Blood Flow and Resistance - ANSWER Peripheral resistance =
resistance to flow in peripheral arterial system (blood away
from heart)
Total peripheral resistance = resistance to flow (entire CV
system)
Blood volume, viscosity, vessel length, diameter (easiest and
quickest to change), turbulence
BIOL 252 Module 3 Questions and Answers with Complete
Solutions UPDATED!!!
Alterations in Blood Pressure - ANSWER Improvements in
vascular function during exercise
Heart is a muscle and exercise increases CO and BP
Exercise can lead to a stronger heart (more mitochondria)
Tissue perfusion increased during exercise
Arterial Blood Pressure - ANSWER Systolic and diastolic
Pulse pressure
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Arterial System Vessels - ANSWER Carry blood away from heart
Thicker walls and greater pressure
Elastic arteries: closest to heart, >10mm, high elastic fibers,
recoil to return to shape, pressure gradient, conducting
Muscular arteries: further, intima decreases and media
increases, vasoconstriction, less elastic fibers, distributes
Arteriole: small, lumen 30 qm, leads to capillary, resistance
vessels, BP drops, vascular tone (slight contraction)
,2|Page
Arteries of Abdominal Cavity - ANSWER Unpaired branches =
one
-celiac trunk: left gastric (stomach and esoph.), splenic (spleen,
stomach, panc.), common hepatic (liver, gall., stom.)
-superior mesenteric: small intestine
-inferior mesenteric: distal colon and rectum
Paired branches = R + L
-inferior phrenic: inferior of diaphragm
-suprarenal: adrenal
-renal: kidneys
-gonadal: ovaries or testes
-lumbar: lumbar region, abdominal wall, spinal cord
Arteries of Upper Limb - ANSWER 1. Subclavian - blood to arm
2. Axillary - subclavian to armpit
3. Brachial - front of upper arm, arm and forearm
4. Radial + ulnar - branch off brachial, forearm, hand, radial
lateral, ulnar medial
,3|Page
5. Superficial + deep palmar arches - palm, digital artery
branches
Autoregulatory Mechanisms for Blood Flow - ANSWER Local,
self-regulatory
Allow each region to adjust blood flow as needed
Does not require nervous stimulation or endocrine control
Azygos System - ANSWER Alternate route for venous blood
return if inferior vena cava is compromised
Azygos vein = abdomen to lumbar veins, ascends through
posterior mediastinum to right of vertebral column
-drain blood from posterior intercostal, esophageal, brachial
veins and delivers to SVC
Hemiazygos vein = abdomen draining, ascending lumbar veins
on left and runs left of posterior chest wall
-blood from esophageal veins and left intercostal veins
-joins azygos vein and return blood to brachiocephalic vein
Benefits of Exercise for Vascular Health - ANSWER Reduced risk
of plaque formation
, 4|Page
Increased efficiency of blood delivery
Decreased cholesterol and decreased BP
Nonathlete at rest: SV = 60mL, HR = 83 bpm
Athlete at rest: SV = 100 mL, HR = 53 bpm
Blood Flow - ANSWER Movement through a blood vessel,
tissue, organ
Volume of blood/unit of time
Starts with ventricular contraction
High pressure to low pressure
Resistance = any factor slowing fluid or resisting flow
Form of hydrostatic pressure (pressure exerted by fluid)
Blood Flow and Resistance - ANSWER Peripheral resistance =
resistance to flow in peripheral arterial system (blood away
from heart)
Total peripheral resistance = resistance to flow (entire CV
system)
Blood volume, viscosity, vessel length, diameter (easiest and
quickest to change), turbulence
