Advanced Pathophysiology NR507
Midterm Review | Practice Questions &
Answers | Latest Update 2026 | Exam
Prep | Graded A+
1. What are the two mechanisms of hemolysis that occur during a transfusion
reaction?
Hemolytic anemia and aplastic anemia
Complement activation and erythropoiesis
Intravascular hemolysis and extravascular hemolysis
Phagocytosis and coagulation
2. Describe how afterload influences cardiac function.
Afterload is solely determined by heart rate.
Afterload is the volume of blood in the ventricles before contraction.
Afterload affects the heart by determining the amount of resistance
the ventricles must overcome to eject blood.
Afterload has no effect on cardiac function.
3. What is an important aspect of dietary management for patients with chronic
kidney disease (CKD)?
High calcium diet
High protein intake
Low sodium and low phosphate diet
Unrestricted fluid intake
,4. The most distinguishing feature of polycythemia vera is _.
Elevated platelet count
Extremely increased red cell mass
Decreased red cell mass
Elevated leukocyte count
5. What is the definition of alveolar hyperinflation?
The constriction of the bronchioles.
The inflammation of lung tissue.
The overexpansion of the alveoli in the lungs.
The accumulation of fluid in the alveoli.
6. Hemoglobin inside red blood consists of two alpha polypeptide chains and
two beta polypeptide chains. Which of the following best describes the
structure of the hemoglobin?
Tertiary structure
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Quaternary structure
7. In a patient experiencing severe trauma, which physiological response would
you expect to be most pronounced, and why?
Changes in blood flow, since they are the only response to trauma.
Swelling, as it is the first visible sign of trauma.
Inflammation, due to the body's need to initiate healing and prevent
, infection at the injury site.
Pain, because it is the primary indicator of injury severity.
8. What process occurs in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?
tubular reabsorption of sodium
active transport of sodium out of the renal tubule
tubular reabsorption of water
active transport of sodium into the renal tubule
9. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart
contractility?
It increases it
It decreases it
None
10. If a patient with sickle cell anemia experiences a vaso-occlusive crisis, what
physiological mechanism is primarily responsible for this complication?
Increased blood viscosity due to plasma proteins
Increased production of white blood cells
Distorted red blood cells blocking blood flow
Decreased oxygen levels in the blood
11. What are the primary causes of glomerulonephritis?
Toxins and immunologic responses only.
Infections, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, ischemia, and
immunologic responses.
Only infections and drugs.
, Vascular disorders and ischemia only.
12. If kidney filtration is impaired, what physiological consequence might occur
in the body?
Increased nutrient absorption in the intestines
Enhanced oxygen delivery to tissues
Accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream
Decreased heart rate
13. The body's response to tissue injury is:
Degeneration
Coagulation
Pain
Inflammation
14. Which of the following can cause anemia?
High destruction of red blood cells
All of the other answers for this question
Failure to produce new red blood cells
Loss of blood
15. Discuss how diabetes mellitus contributes to chronic renal failure.
Diabetes mellitus has no effect on renal function.
Diabetes mellitus only affects the liver, not the kidneys.
Diabetes mellitus improves renal function by enhancing blood flow.
Diabetes mellitus leads to chronic renal failure through
Midterm Review | Practice Questions &
Answers | Latest Update 2026 | Exam
Prep | Graded A+
1. What are the two mechanisms of hemolysis that occur during a transfusion
reaction?
Hemolytic anemia and aplastic anemia
Complement activation and erythropoiesis
Intravascular hemolysis and extravascular hemolysis
Phagocytosis and coagulation
2. Describe how afterload influences cardiac function.
Afterload is solely determined by heart rate.
Afterload is the volume of blood in the ventricles before contraction.
Afterload affects the heart by determining the amount of resistance
the ventricles must overcome to eject blood.
Afterload has no effect on cardiac function.
3. What is an important aspect of dietary management for patients with chronic
kidney disease (CKD)?
High calcium diet
High protein intake
Low sodium and low phosphate diet
Unrestricted fluid intake
,4. The most distinguishing feature of polycythemia vera is _.
Elevated platelet count
Extremely increased red cell mass
Decreased red cell mass
Elevated leukocyte count
5. What is the definition of alveolar hyperinflation?
The constriction of the bronchioles.
The inflammation of lung tissue.
The overexpansion of the alveoli in the lungs.
The accumulation of fluid in the alveoli.
6. Hemoglobin inside red blood consists of two alpha polypeptide chains and
two beta polypeptide chains. Which of the following best describes the
structure of the hemoglobin?
Tertiary structure
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Quaternary structure
7. In a patient experiencing severe trauma, which physiological response would
you expect to be most pronounced, and why?
Changes in blood flow, since they are the only response to trauma.
Swelling, as it is the first visible sign of trauma.
Inflammation, due to the body's need to initiate healing and prevent
, infection at the injury site.
Pain, because it is the primary indicator of injury severity.
8. What process occurs in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?
tubular reabsorption of sodium
active transport of sodium out of the renal tubule
tubular reabsorption of water
active transport of sodium into the renal tubule
9. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart
contractility?
It increases it
It decreases it
None
10. If a patient with sickle cell anemia experiences a vaso-occlusive crisis, what
physiological mechanism is primarily responsible for this complication?
Increased blood viscosity due to plasma proteins
Increased production of white blood cells
Distorted red blood cells blocking blood flow
Decreased oxygen levels in the blood
11. What are the primary causes of glomerulonephritis?
Toxins and immunologic responses only.
Infections, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, ischemia, and
immunologic responses.
Only infections and drugs.
, Vascular disorders and ischemia only.
12. If kidney filtration is impaired, what physiological consequence might occur
in the body?
Increased nutrient absorption in the intestines
Enhanced oxygen delivery to tissues
Accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream
Decreased heart rate
13. The body's response to tissue injury is:
Degeneration
Coagulation
Pain
Inflammation
14. Which of the following can cause anemia?
High destruction of red blood cells
All of the other answers for this question
Failure to produce new red blood cells
Loss of blood
15. Discuss how diabetes mellitus contributes to chronic renal failure.
Diabetes mellitus has no effect on renal function.
Diabetes mellitus only affects the liver, not the kidneys.
Diabetes mellitus improves renal function by enhancing blood flow.
Diabetes mellitus leads to chronic renal failure through
