STRAIGHTERLINE CHEM101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE | COMPLETE EXAM
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026/2027
Mass Number - ANS ✔✔total number of neutrons and protons in an atom; # protons + # electrons
p - ANS ✔✔Most nonmetallic elements are found in which block of the periodic table?
Positive matter is concentrated in the central core - ANS ✔✔Ernest Rutherford disproved J.J. Thomson's
plum-pudding model of the atom by showing that...
Potassium - ANS ✔✔Plants use up copious amounts of which alkali metal, preventing most of it from
being washed out to sea?
2:1:1:2 - ANS ✔✔What is the ratio of reactants and products in the chemical equation?
__NaOH + __H2SO4 --> __Na2SO4 + __H2O
the number of ATOMS in 12g of Carbon-12
1 g = 6.022 × 1023 amu - ANS ✔✔What is Avogadro's number?
Mg - ANS ✔✔What is the reducing agent in the following equation?
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(s) < (l) < (g) - ANS ✔✔Which arrangement accurately describes the standard entropy values at different
phases?
2, 8, 20, 50, 82 or 126 protons - ANS ✔✔What are the most stable isotopes?
S = oxidized
N = reduced - ANS ✔✔What element has been oxidized and what element has been reduced?
3CuS + 8HNO3 --> 3CuSO4 + 8NO + 4H2O
multiply the atomic mass (grams) by the number of moles - ANS ✔✔How do you convert from moles to
grams?
Divide the total number of grams by the atomic mass (grams) of 1 mole - ANS ✔✔How do you convert
from grams to moles?
Mass - ANS ✔✔measure of the amount of matter
Compound - ANS ✔✔made from atoms of 2+ elements that are chemically bonded; cannot be separated
into simpler substances by any physical process; can be separated by a chemical reaction
Solid - ANS ✔✔Definite shape and volume
,Doesn't conform to shape of container
Particles are very close together in orderly fashion with little freedom of motion
Liquid - ANS ✔✔Definite volume, indefinite shape
Conforms to shape of the part of the container it fills
Particles are close together but not rigidly in position with freedom to move past each other
Gas - ANS ✔✔No definite shape or volume
Conforms to shape and volume of container
Particles separated by distances very large compared to size of particles
Physical Property - ANS ✔✔Color, melting point, boiling point
Observed and measured without changing identity of substance
Chemical Property - ANS ✔✔Observed by performing a chemical change
Mixture - ANS ✔✔Combination of 2+ elements, each retains its identity and properties
Can be separated by physical means into pure components without changing identity of compounds
Pure Substance - ANS ✔✔fixed composition and differs from a mixture (every sample has same
properties and composition)
Polyatomic Ion - ANS ✔✔molecule with a charge
contain more than 1 atom chemically bonded together
ions - ANS ✔✔atoms with charge formed by loss or gain of an electron
Cation - ANS ✔✔positive ion, may have roman numeral
Anion - ANS ✔✔negative ion, element ends in -ide
isotope - ANS ✔✔atom of an element that has a different mass because of a different number of
neutrons, but same atomic number
Atomic Number - ANS ✔✔total number of protons in an atom; also indicates number of electrons
Catalyst - ANS ✔✔additional reactant that increases the rate of a reaction with a lower activation energy
Surface area
Concentration
Temperature
Catalyst - ANS ✔✔What 4 factors impact the rate of a reaction?
exothermic reaction - ANS ✔✔A reaction that RELEASES energy in the form of heat
endothermic reaction - ANS ✔✔A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat
6.022 x 10^23 particles - ANS ✔✔How many particles/atoms/molecules are in a mole?
, Amount of area exposed for the reaction of a solid - ANS ✔✔Surface area impacts rate of reaction how?
increase the # of reactants in the container, more collisions occur w/enough energy & proper orientation
- ANS ✔✔Concentration impacts rate of reaction how?
Higher temperature....more motion....more forceful or higher energy collisions - ANS ✔✔Temperature
impacts rate of reaction how?
Boyle's Law - ANS ✔✔pressure increases, volume decreases
pV = constant or p1V1 = p2V2
Charles' Law - ANS ✔✔Volume goes up, then temperature goes up, pressure remains the same
V/T = constant or V1/T1 = V2/T2
Avogadro's Law - ANS ✔✔volume increases with number increases
v/n
Guy-Lussac's Law - ANS ✔✔increase in temperature & increase in pressure
p/T = constant or p1/T1 = p2/T2
Ideal Gas Law - ANS ✔✔PV = nRT
when 3 variables are given in an question - ANS ✔✔When do you use the Ideal gas law?
- reacting particles must collide
- collisions have proper orientation
- particles must have a strong enough energy to collide - ANS ✔✔Name three ways reactions occur?
limiting reactant - ANS ✔✔reactant that gets completely used up, which stops the reaction & thus limits
the amount of product made
absolute zero - ANS ✔✔0 Kelvin
Substance - ANS ✔✔form of matter that has definite (constant) composition and distinct properties
Ex: salt (sodium chloride), iron, water, CO2
condensed phases - ANS ✔✔solids and liquids
fluids - ANS ✔✔liquids and gases
Heterogenous Mixture - ANS ✔✔composition is NOT uniform throughout
Ex: mix sand and iron fillings
Homogenous Mixture - ANS ✔✔composition is uniform throughout; solution
Ex: dissolve sugar in water
Quantative Properties - ANS ✔✔measured, expressed using numbers and units
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026/2027
Mass Number - ANS ✔✔total number of neutrons and protons in an atom; # protons + # electrons
p - ANS ✔✔Most nonmetallic elements are found in which block of the periodic table?
Positive matter is concentrated in the central core - ANS ✔✔Ernest Rutherford disproved J.J. Thomson's
plum-pudding model of the atom by showing that...
Potassium - ANS ✔✔Plants use up copious amounts of which alkali metal, preventing most of it from
being washed out to sea?
2:1:1:2 - ANS ✔✔What is the ratio of reactants and products in the chemical equation?
__NaOH + __H2SO4 --> __Na2SO4 + __H2O
the number of ATOMS in 12g of Carbon-12
1 g = 6.022 × 1023 amu - ANS ✔✔What is Avogadro's number?
Mg - ANS ✔✔What is the reducing agent in the following equation?
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(s) < (l) < (g) - ANS ✔✔Which arrangement accurately describes the standard entropy values at different
phases?
2, 8, 20, 50, 82 or 126 protons - ANS ✔✔What are the most stable isotopes?
S = oxidized
N = reduced - ANS ✔✔What element has been oxidized and what element has been reduced?
3CuS + 8HNO3 --> 3CuSO4 + 8NO + 4H2O
multiply the atomic mass (grams) by the number of moles - ANS ✔✔How do you convert from moles to
grams?
Divide the total number of grams by the atomic mass (grams) of 1 mole - ANS ✔✔How do you convert
from grams to moles?
Mass - ANS ✔✔measure of the amount of matter
Compound - ANS ✔✔made from atoms of 2+ elements that are chemically bonded; cannot be separated
into simpler substances by any physical process; can be separated by a chemical reaction
Solid - ANS ✔✔Definite shape and volume
,Doesn't conform to shape of container
Particles are very close together in orderly fashion with little freedom of motion
Liquid - ANS ✔✔Definite volume, indefinite shape
Conforms to shape of the part of the container it fills
Particles are close together but not rigidly in position with freedom to move past each other
Gas - ANS ✔✔No definite shape or volume
Conforms to shape and volume of container
Particles separated by distances very large compared to size of particles
Physical Property - ANS ✔✔Color, melting point, boiling point
Observed and measured without changing identity of substance
Chemical Property - ANS ✔✔Observed by performing a chemical change
Mixture - ANS ✔✔Combination of 2+ elements, each retains its identity and properties
Can be separated by physical means into pure components without changing identity of compounds
Pure Substance - ANS ✔✔fixed composition and differs from a mixture (every sample has same
properties and composition)
Polyatomic Ion - ANS ✔✔molecule with a charge
contain more than 1 atom chemically bonded together
ions - ANS ✔✔atoms with charge formed by loss or gain of an electron
Cation - ANS ✔✔positive ion, may have roman numeral
Anion - ANS ✔✔negative ion, element ends in -ide
isotope - ANS ✔✔atom of an element that has a different mass because of a different number of
neutrons, but same atomic number
Atomic Number - ANS ✔✔total number of protons in an atom; also indicates number of electrons
Catalyst - ANS ✔✔additional reactant that increases the rate of a reaction with a lower activation energy
Surface area
Concentration
Temperature
Catalyst - ANS ✔✔What 4 factors impact the rate of a reaction?
exothermic reaction - ANS ✔✔A reaction that RELEASES energy in the form of heat
endothermic reaction - ANS ✔✔A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat
6.022 x 10^23 particles - ANS ✔✔How many particles/atoms/molecules are in a mole?
, Amount of area exposed for the reaction of a solid - ANS ✔✔Surface area impacts rate of reaction how?
increase the # of reactants in the container, more collisions occur w/enough energy & proper orientation
- ANS ✔✔Concentration impacts rate of reaction how?
Higher temperature....more motion....more forceful or higher energy collisions - ANS ✔✔Temperature
impacts rate of reaction how?
Boyle's Law - ANS ✔✔pressure increases, volume decreases
pV = constant or p1V1 = p2V2
Charles' Law - ANS ✔✔Volume goes up, then temperature goes up, pressure remains the same
V/T = constant or V1/T1 = V2/T2
Avogadro's Law - ANS ✔✔volume increases with number increases
v/n
Guy-Lussac's Law - ANS ✔✔increase in temperature & increase in pressure
p/T = constant or p1/T1 = p2/T2
Ideal Gas Law - ANS ✔✔PV = nRT
when 3 variables are given in an question - ANS ✔✔When do you use the Ideal gas law?
- reacting particles must collide
- collisions have proper orientation
- particles must have a strong enough energy to collide - ANS ✔✔Name three ways reactions occur?
limiting reactant - ANS ✔✔reactant that gets completely used up, which stops the reaction & thus limits
the amount of product made
absolute zero - ANS ✔✔0 Kelvin
Substance - ANS ✔✔form of matter that has definite (constant) composition and distinct properties
Ex: salt (sodium chloride), iron, water, CO2
condensed phases - ANS ✔✔solids and liquids
fluids - ANS ✔✔liquids and gases
Heterogenous Mixture - ANS ✔✔composition is NOT uniform throughout
Ex: mix sand and iron fillings
Homogenous Mixture - ANS ✔✔composition is uniform throughout; solution
Ex: dissolve sugar in water
Quantative Properties - ANS ✔✔measured, expressed using numbers and units
