PSYC 450 Exam 2 with answers

PSYC 450 Exam 2 with answers
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Perceptual Segregation - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



✔✔Perceptual organization in which one object is seen as |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



separate from other objects |\ |\ |\




Figure-Ground Segregation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



perceptual separation of an object from its background
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Gist of a Scene - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔General
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description of a scene |\ |\ |\




Global Image Features - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔Information that may enable observers to rapidly |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



perceive the gist of a scene; features associated with
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specific types of scenes include degree of naturalness,
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openness, roughness, expansion, and color
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Physical Regularities - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Regularly
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occurring physical properties of the environment; for
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example, there are more vertical and horizontal
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orientations in the environment than oblique (angled)
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orientations

,Semantic Regularities - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



✔✔Characteristics associated with the functions |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



associated with different types of scenes. These |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



characteristics are learned from experience. For example, |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



most people are aware of the kinds of activities and
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objects that are usually associated with kitchens.
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Theory of Unconscious Inference - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔The idea proposed by Helmholtz that some of our
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perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



that we make about the environment.
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Bayesian inference - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A statistical
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approach to perception in which perception is determined
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by taking probabilities into account. These probabilities
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are based on past experiences in perceiving properties of
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objects and scenes. |\ |\




selective attention - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the focusing
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of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
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divided attention - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔concentrating
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on more than one activity at the same time
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Saccadic eye movement - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a rapid,
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jerky movement from one fixation to the next
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,fixations - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the pause in
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movement, when the eye picks up new information |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




covert attention - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔When we
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attend without looking or fixating
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overt attention - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔When we attend
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to what we are looking at
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Stimulus salience [visual salience] - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔Color, brightness, contrast, orientation (bottom-up)
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attentional capture - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔stimulus |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



grab attention, seemingly against persons will
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1. scene schemas
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2. interests & goals
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3. the nature of our task within a scene] - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔Cognitive factors that determine how we
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scan a scene
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scene schemas - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔prior knowledge
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about what is typically found in a particular scene
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, Observers interests and goals - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




nature of an observer's task - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Eye
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movements occur just before we need the information
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that they will provide
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Experiment by Posner (1978) et al - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



✔✔Observers looked at a fixation point.Precueing with an |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



arrow indicated on which side a stimulus was likely to
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appear.Stimuli appeared that were consistent (valid trial) |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



or inconsistent (invalid trial) with the cue.Task was to
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push button when a target square was seen.
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Experiment by Egly et al. - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



✔✔Observer views two rectangles.Cue signals where |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



target may appear.Task: to press button when target
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appeared.Results: Fastest reaction time was at targeted |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



position."Enhancement" effect for non-target was within |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



the target rectangle.
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Experiment by Carrasco et al. - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



✔✔Observers saw two grating stimuli with either similar |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



or different contrast between the bars. Task was to fixate
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on center point between gratings and indicate orientation
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of bars with higher contrast. Small dot was flashed very
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quickly on one side before gratings appeared |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\