NUR 265 Midterm Study Notes: Renal &
Cardiovascular Overview| 2026
UPDATED | WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
What is the focus of NCM 112? - answer-The care of clients with problems in
oxygenation, fluid and electrolytes, inflammatory and immunologic responses, and
cellular aberrations.
What are the key components of nursing care covered in NCM 112? - answer-
Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation of nursing care.
What disorders are included under oxygenation issues in NCM 112? - answer-
Respiratory and cardiovascular disorders.
What are the normal sodium (Na+) levels? - answer-135-145 mEq/L.
What are the normal potassium (K+) levels? - answer-3.5-5.0 mEq/L.
What are the normal calcium (Ca2+) levels? - answer-8.5-10.5 mg/dL (total), 4.5-5.5
mg/dL (ionized).
What are the normal magnesium (Mg2+) levels? - answer-1.5-2.5 mEq/L.
What are the normal phosphorus (PO4) levels? - answer-2.5-4.5 mg/dL.
What is respiratory acidosis characterized by? - answer-pH <7.35 and PaCO2 >45.
What is respiratory alkalosis characterized by? - answer-pH >7.45 and PaCO2 <35.
What is metabolic acidosis characterized by? - answer-pH <7.35 and HCO3- <22.
What is metabolic alkalosis characterized by? - answer-pH >7.45 and HCO3- >26.
What is the importance of ABG interpretation in nursing? - answer-It helps assess a
patient's acid-base balance and respiratory function.
, What is the inflammatory process? - answer-The body's response to injury or infection
that involves immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
What are the types of inflammation? - answer-Acute and chronic inflammation.
What is the role of the immune system? - answer-To protect the body from infectious
diseases and foreign invaders.
What are hypersensitivity reactions? - answer-Exaggerated immune responses to
harmless substances.
What are autoimmune disorders? - answer-Conditions where the immune system
mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.
What is the pathophysiology of cancer? - answer-The study of the functional changes
that occur in the body as a result of cancer.
What are the common cancer treatment modalities? - answer-Surgery, chemotherapy,
radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.
What is hypovolemic shock? - answer-A condition resulting from a significant loss of
blood volume leading to inadequate perfusion of tissues.
What is cardiogenic shock? - answer-A condition where the heart fails to pump
effectively, leading to decreased cardiac output.
What is distributive shock? - answer-A type of shock caused by widespread vasodilation
leading to inadequate blood flow to organs.
What is obstructive shock? - answer-Shock caused by a physical obstruction in the
circulatory system.
What are the stages of shock? - answer-Initial, compensatory, progressive, and
refractory stages.
What systems should nursing students demonstrate knowledge of? - answer-
Respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, immune, and integumentary systems.
What is a key nursing assessment focus for clients? - answer-Oxygenation, fluid,
electrolyte, and immunologic problems.
What should nursing diagnoses be based on? - answer-Assessment findings.
What type of care plans should nursing students develop? - answer-Evidence-based
nursing care plans.
Cardiovascular Overview| 2026
UPDATED | WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
What is the focus of NCM 112? - answer-The care of clients with problems in
oxygenation, fluid and electrolytes, inflammatory and immunologic responses, and
cellular aberrations.
What are the key components of nursing care covered in NCM 112? - answer-
Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation of nursing care.
What disorders are included under oxygenation issues in NCM 112? - answer-
Respiratory and cardiovascular disorders.
What are the normal sodium (Na+) levels? - answer-135-145 mEq/L.
What are the normal potassium (K+) levels? - answer-3.5-5.0 mEq/L.
What are the normal calcium (Ca2+) levels? - answer-8.5-10.5 mg/dL (total), 4.5-5.5
mg/dL (ionized).
What are the normal magnesium (Mg2+) levels? - answer-1.5-2.5 mEq/L.
What are the normal phosphorus (PO4) levels? - answer-2.5-4.5 mg/dL.
What is respiratory acidosis characterized by? - answer-pH <7.35 and PaCO2 >45.
What is respiratory alkalosis characterized by? - answer-pH >7.45 and PaCO2 <35.
What is metabolic acidosis characterized by? - answer-pH <7.35 and HCO3- <22.
What is metabolic alkalosis characterized by? - answer-pH >7.45 and HCO3- >26.
What is the importance of ABG interpretation in nursing? - answer-It helps assess a
patient's acid-base balance and respiratory function.
, What is the inflammatory process? - answer-The body's response to injury or infection
that involves immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
What are the types of inflammation? - answer-Acute and chronic inflammation.
What is the role of the immune system? - answer-To protect the body from infectious
diseases and foreign invaders.
What are hypersensitivity reactions? - answer-Exaggerated immune responses to
harmless substances.
What are autoimmune disorders? - answer-Conditions where the immune system
mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.
What is the pathophysiology of cancer? - answer-The study of the functional changes
that occur in the body as a result of cancer.
What are the common cancer treatment modalities? - answer-Surgery, chemotherapy,
radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.
What is hypovolemic shock? - answer-A condition resulting from a significant loss of
blood volume leading to inadequate perfusion of tissues.
What is cardiogenic shock? - answer-A condition where the heart fails to pump
effectively, leading to decreased cardiac output.
What is distributive shock? - answer-A type of shock caused by widespread vasodilation
leading to inadequate blood flow to organs.
What is obstructive shock? - answer-Shock caused by a physical obstruction in the
circulatory system.
What are the stages of shock? - answer-Initial, compensatory, progressive, and
refractory stages.
What systems should nursing students demonstrate knowledge of? - answer-
Respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, immune, and integumentary systems.
What is a key nursing assessment focus for clients? - answer-Oxygenation, fluid,
electrolyte, and immunologic problems.
What should nursing diagnoses be based on? - answer-Assessment findings.
What type of care plans should nursing students develop? - answer-Evidence-based
nursing care plans.
