Portage Learning BIOD 331 – Module 1.1 Pathophysiology Review (Latest
Verified Q&A 2026)
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Recovery or Exhaustion - (ANSWER)Three stages of adaptation to a stressful event
Catecholamines - (ANSWER)hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic
nervous system in stress response
epinephrine
norepinephrine - (ANSWER)Name the two catecholamines
adrenocortical steroids - (ANSWER)A group of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands. Their anti-
inflammatory action makes them useful for treating arthritis and muscle injuries.
cortisol
aldosterone - (ANSWER)Name the two adrenocortical steroids
endorphins
sex hormones
growth hormones - (ANSWER)Name the three neurohormonal mediators
aldosterone - (ANSWER)Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water
cortisol - (ANSWER)stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex
epinephrine - (ANSWER)Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also
known as adrenaline.
,Portage Learning BIOD 331 – Module 1.1 Pathophysiology Review (Latest
Verified Q&A 2026)
Norepinephrine - (ANSWER)A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood
regulation
Endorphins - (ANSWER)"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control
and to pleasure.
allostasis - (ANSWER)maintaining levels of biological conditions that vary according to an individual's
needs and circumstances
potassium, magnesium, phosphate - (ANSWER)Concentration of these electrolytes are higher inside the
cell
sodium, chloride, bicarbonate - (ANSWER)Concentration of these electrolytes are higher inside
extracellular fluid
ECG changes
*K, Ca, Mg - (ANSWER)What do all these electrolyte imbalances, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia,
hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesmia, and hypermagnesmia have in common?
edema - (ANSWER)Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.
hypoparathyroidism - (ANSWER)The most common cause of hypocalcemia is?
diuretic use - (ANSWER)The most common cause of hypokalemia is?
, Portage Learning BIOD 331 – Module 1.1 Pathophysiology Review (Latest
Verified Q&A 2026)
hyponatremia - (ANSWER)A factor that produces a relative excess of water in proportion to salt in the
ECF, which causes the cells to swell
Hypocalcemia - (ANSWER)I have a positive Trosseau's sign and a positive Chvoskek's sign with a
prolonged ST interval, which electrolyte balance am I?
Resistance - (ANSWER)Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome facilitates the individual's
allostatic restoration of homeostasis?
epinephrine - (ANSWER)Which catecholamine causes an increased heart rate?
diuretic use - (ANSWER)The most common cause of hyponatremia is?
Kidney disease - (ANSWER)What is the most common cause of hypermagnesemia?
hypokalemia
*low & slow* - (ANSWER)I have flat T waves, which electrolyte am I?
kidney failure - (ANSWER)What is the most common cause of hypernatremia?
hyperkalemia - (ANSWER)I have peaked T waves, absent P waves and wide QRS complexes, which
electrolyte imbalance am I?
aldosterone - (ANSWER)Which hormone promotes the re-absorption of sodium and water and increases
blood pressure?
Verified Q&A 2026)
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Recovery or Exhaustion - (ANSWER)Three stages of adaptation to a stressful event
Catecholamines - (ANSWER)hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic
nervous system in stress response
epinephrine
norepinephrine - (ANSWER)Name the two catecholamines
adrenocortical steroids - (ANSWER)A group of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands. Their anti-
inflammatory action makes them useful for treating arthritis and muscle injuries.
cortisol
aldosterone - (ANSWER)Name the two adrenocortical steroids
endorphins
sex hormones
growth hormones - (ANSWER)Name the three neurohormonal mediators
aldosterone - (ANSWER)Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water
cortisol - (ANSWER)stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex
epinephrine - (ANSWER)Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also
known as adrenaline.
,Portage Learning BIOD 331 – Module 1.1 Pathophysiology Review (Latest
Verified Q&A 2026)
Norepinephrine - (ANSWER)A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood
regulation
Endorphins - (ANSWER)"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control
and to pleasure.
allostasis - (ANSWER)maintaining levels of biological conditions that vary according to an individual's
needs and circumstances
potassium, magnesium, phosphate - (ANSWER)Concentration of these electrolytes are higher inside the
cell
sodium, chloride, bicarbonate - (ANSWER)Concentration of these electrolytes are higher inside
extracellular fluid
ECG changes
*K, Ca, Mg - (ANSWER)What do all these electrolyte imbalances, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia,
hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesmia, and hypermagnesmia have in common?
edema - (ANSWER)Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.
hypoparathyroidism - (ANSWER)The most common cause of hypocalcemia is?
diuretic use - (ANSWER)The most common cause of hypokalemia is?
, Portage Learning BIOD 331 – Module 1.1 Pathophysiology Review (Latest
Verified Q&A 2026)
hyponatremia - (ANSWER)A factor that produces a relative excess of water in proportion to salt in the
ECF, which causes the cells to swell
Hypocalcemia - (ANSWER)I have a positive Trosseau's sign and a positive Chvoskek's sign with a
prolonged ST interval, which electrolyte balance am I?
Resistance - (ANSWER)Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome facilitates the individual's
allostatic restoration of homeostasis?
epinephrine - (ANSWER)Which catecholamine causes an increased heart rate?
diuretic use - (ANSWER)The most common cause of hyponatremia is?
Kidney disease - (ANSWER)What is the most common cause of hypermagnesemia?
hypokalemia
*low & slow* - (ANSWER)I have flat T waves, which electrolyte am I?
kidney failure - (ANSWER)What is the most common cause of hypernatremia?
hyperkalemia - (ANSWER)I have peaked T waves, absent P waves and wide QRS complexes, which
electrolyte imbalance am I?
aldosterone - (ANSWER)Which hormone promotes the re-absorption of sodium and water and increases
blood pressure?
