CHEM-120 CHAMBERLAIN FINAL EXAM || QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | GRADED A +.
Chemistry ✔️The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes
Basic Unit in Chemistry ✔️atom
Types of Chemistry ✔️Green Chemistry
Sustainable Chemistry
green chemistry ✔️uses materials and processes that are intended to prevent or reduce pollution at its source
replacing rare hazardous with more abundant less hazardous
Example of green chemistry ✔️replacement of mercury fluorescent light bulbs with efficient mercury free light bulbs
Green Chemistry Solar Fuels ✔️sunlight is abundant source of energy
plants store solar energy as chemical energy via photosynthesis
artificial photosynthesis ✔️can be used to generate hydrogen fuel
H fuel can then be reacted with O to produce heat and electricity
water---->hydrogen + oxygen
sustainable chemistry ✔️designed to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations
Matter ✔️Anything that has mass and takes up space
mass ✔️A measure of the amount of matter in an object
weight ✔️A measure of the gravitational force exerted on the matter of an object.
Classes of Matter ✔️Solids, Liquids, Gas
Solid ✔️Definite shape and volume
vibration
ice, brick, wood,
liquid ✔️A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.
move in irregular pattern
petrol, vinegar, paint, water
gas ✔️A state of matter with no definite shape or volume
freely move continuously- far apart
helium, oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen
melting point ✔️The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid
Vaporation ✔️Liquid to gas
boiling Point ✔️temp at which liquid escapes and becomes a gas
condensation ✔️Gas to liquid
freezing ✔️liquid to solid
occurs at freezing point/same as melting point
Sublimation ✔️A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid
,Ex: dry ice
2 categories of matter ✔️substances and mixtures
Substance ✔️A single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties.
Substance contains ✔️Elements and Compounds
Elements ✔️A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions.
represented by chemical groups:
Cl, H, Mg
Compounds ✔️2 or more elements chemically combined
many exist as groups of atoms bonded together as molecules
Atoms ✔️Building blocks of matter
smallest particle in an element
Aristotle ✔️A Greek Philosopher,
all matter is composed of 4 elements
all matter is continuous not atomistic
WEAF- water, earth, air, water
Atomos ✔️Lecuippus/democritus
point at which matter can no longer be subdivided
Mixtures ✔️A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
homogeneous mixture ✔️a mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished
Ex: sugar and water
heterogeneous mixture ✔️A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture
Ex: oil and water
Measurement of Matter ✔️mass
Measurements of length ✔️meters
1 m= 100 cm
1000 m=1 km
0.0254 m = 1 inch
Measurement of mass ✔️kilograms
0.454 kg=1 lbs
1 kg= 2.2 lbs
.001 kg= 1 g
1g= 1000 mg
Measurement of volume ✔️liter (L)
1 gal = 3.79 L
,.26 gal= 1 L
1000 ml = 1 L
measurement of time ✔️seconds
measurement of temperature ✔️Kelvin (K)
Amount of substance ✔️mole (mol)
A mole of a substance ✔️is the amount of a substance which contains 6 X 10^23 particles of that substance
Measurement of electric current ✔️ampere
when moving to a bigger unit- divide
when moving to smaller unit- multiply
Convert 0.0123456 km to m ✔️move decimal 3 places to right
12.3456 m
Convert 25 kg to g to mg ✔️25 kg = 25,0000 g= 25,000000 mg
Density ✔️mass/volume
Calculate Density of Metal Sample with a mass of 18.96 g and a volume of 4.32 cm3 ✔️D= M/V
D= 18.96g/4.31 cm3
D= 4.40 g/cm3
Energy ✔️the ability to do work
the ability to change matter, physically or chemically
Types of energy ✔️potential and kinetic
potenial energy ✔️energy that is stored in an object due to its position or condition of an object.
kinetic energy ✔️Energy in motion (gases)
Heat ✔️The energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one
Measurement of heat ✔️calories or joules
1 cal is the amount of heat required to change the temp of 1.00 g of water at 1.00 degrees C
1 cal= 4.184 J
Temperature ✔️is the average amount of kinetic energy of the atoms molecules that make up an object
body temperature ✔️the balance between the heat produced by the body and the heat lost from the body
Normal body temperature ✔️98.6 F
(37 C)
310 K
Temperature Conversions ✔️F=32 + 1.8 x C
K= C + 273.15
Boiling and freezing point of water ✔️Boiling: 212 F, 100 C, 373 K
, Freezing: 32 F, 0 C, 273 K
Food Calorie (Cal) ✔️a kilo-calorie
1 Cal = 1 kcal= 1000 cal =4184 J
physical property ✔️A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
Physical property examples ✔️temp, mass,color, taste, odor, boiling point, hardness, density
Density- different measurement due to different liquid and solid states
water measured in volume ✔️L for volume
Solid measure in volume ✔️Cm for volume
physical change ✔️A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance
ex; freezing, melting
chemical properties ✔️the properties that indicate the ability of a substance to change(forming) into a new substance
Ex: change form: new bonds between atoms
examples of chemical properties ✔️Flammability, reactivity with water/oxygen/acid/base
*Iron chemical properties ✔️Rust with O2 to for iron oxide
Carbon chemical properties ✔️burns- combines with O2 to for CO2
Silver chemical properties ✔️tarnishes - combines with sulfur to form silver sulfide
Nitroglycerin chemical properties ✔️explodes- decomposes to produce mixture of gases
Carbon Monoxide (CO) chemical properties ✔️toxic - combines with hemoglobin causing anoxia
Neon Chemical properties ✔️is inert- does not react with anything
Science ✔️organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world
Science is limited to studying by which: ✔️is observable
processes in which variables can be controls
2 facets of science ✔️technological
Philosophical
Technological science ✔️Factual
direct application of knowledge to solve problem
Science and Technology ✔️interrelated
both involve risks and benefits
risk-benefit analysis ✔️The process of evaluating the possible problems of a technology compared to the expected advantages.
DQ= Benefits/Risks
top 4 risk factors of death in US ✔️all causes 1:1
smoking 1:4
Heart Disease 1:5
All cancers 1:7
Chemistry ✔️The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes
Basic Unit in Chemistry ✔️atom
Types of Chemistry ✔️Green Chemistry
Sustainable Chemistry
green chemistry ✔️uses materials and processes that are intended to prevent or reduce pollution at its source
replacing rare hazardous with more abundant less hazardous
Example of green chemistry ✔️replacement of mercury fluorescent light bulbs with efficient mercury free light bulbs
Green Chemistry Solar Fuels ✔️sunlight is abundant source of energy
plants store solar energy as chemical energy via photosynthesis
artificial photosynthesis ✔️can be used to generate hydrogen fuel
H fuel can then be reacted with O to produce heat and electricity
water---->hydrogen + oxygen
sustainable chemistry ✔️designed to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations
Matter ✔️Anything that has mass and takes up space
mass ✔️A measure of the amount of matter in an object
weight ✔️A measure of the gravitational force exerted on the matter of an object.
Classes of Matter ✔️Solids, Liquids, Gas
Solid ✔️Definite shape and volume
vibration
ice, brick, wood,
liquid ✔️A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.
move in irregular pattern
petrol, vinegar, paint, water
gas ✔️A state of matter with no definite shape or volume
freely move continuously- far apart
helium, oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen
melting point ✔️The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid
Vaporation ✔️Liquid to gas
boiling Point ✔️temp at which liquid escapes and becomes a gas
condensation ✔️Gas to liquid
freezing ✔️liquid to solid
occurs at freezing point/same as melting point
Sublimation ✔️A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid
,Ex: dry ice
2 categories of matter ✔️substances and mixtures
Substance ✔️A single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties.
Substance contains ✔️Elements and Compounds
Elements ✔️A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions.
represented by chemical groups:
Cl, H, Mg
Compounds ✔️2 or more elements chemically combined
many exist as groups of atoms bonded together as molecules
Atoms ✔️Building blocks of matter
smallest particle in an element
Aristotle ✔️A Greek Philosopher,
all matter is composed of 4 elements
all matter is continuous not atomistic
WEAF- water, earth, air, water
Atomos ✔️Lecuippus/democritus
point at which matter can no longer be subdivided
Mixtures ✔️A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
homogeneous mixture ✔️a mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished
Ex: sugar and water
heterogeneous mixture ✔️A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture
Ex: oil and water
Measurement of Matter ✔️mass
Measurements of length ✔️meters
1 m= 100 cm
1000 m=1 km
0.0254 m = 1 inch
Measurement of mass ✔️kilograms
0.454 kg=1 lbs
1 kg= 2.2 lbs
.001 kg= 1 g
1g= 1000 mg
Measurement of volume ✔️liter (L)
1 gal = 3.79 L
,.26 gal= 1 L
1000 ml = 1 L
measurement of time ✔️seconds
measurement of temperature ✔️Kelvin (K)
Amount of substance ✔️mole (mol)
A mole of a substance ✔️is the amount of a substance which contains 6 X 10^23 particles of that substance
Measurement of electric current ✔️ampere
when moving to a bigger unit- divide
when moving to smaller unit- multiply
Convert 0.0123456 km to m ✔️move decimal 3 places to right
12.3456 m
Convert 25 kg to g to mg ✔️25 kg = 25,0000 g= 25,000000 mg
Density ✔️mass/volume
Calculate Density of Metal Sample with a mass of 18.96 g and a volume of 4.32 cm3 ✔️D= M/V
D= 18.96g/4.31 cm3
D= 4.40 g/cm3
Energy ✔️the ability to do work
the ability to change matter, physically or chemically
Types of energy ✔️potential and kinetic
potenial energy ✔️energy that is stored in an object due to its position or condition of an object.
kinetic energy ✔️Energy in motion (gases)
Heat ✔️The energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one
Measurement of heat ✔️calories or joules
1 cal is the amount of heat required to change the temp of 1.00 g of water at 1.00 degrees C
1 cal= 4.184 J
Temperature ✔️is the average amount of kinetic energy of the atoms molecules that make up an object
body temperature ✔️the balance between the heat produced by the body and the heat lost from the body
Normal body temperature ✔️98.6 F
(37 C)
310 K
Temperature Conversions ✔️F=32 + 1.8 x C
K= C + 273.15
Boiling and freezing point of water ✔️Boiling: 212 F, 100 C, 373 K
, Freezing: 32 F, 0 C, 273 K
Food Calorie (Cal) ✔️a kilo-calorie
1 Cal = 1 kcal= 1000 cal =4184 J
physical property ✔️A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
Physical property examples ✔️temp, mass,color, taste, odor, boiling point, hardness, density
Density- different measurement due to different liquid and solid states
water measured in volume ✔️L for volume
Solid measure in volume ✔️Cm for volume
physical change ✔️A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance
ex; freezing, melting
chemical properties ✔️the properties that indicate the ability of a substance to change(forming) into a new substance
Ex: change form: new bonds between atoms
examples of chemical properties ✔️Flammability, reactivity with water/oxygen/acid/base
*Iron chemical properties ✔️Rust with O2 to for iron oxide
Carbon chemical properties ✔️burns- combines with O2 to for CO2
Silver chemical properties ✔️tarnishes - combines with sulfur to form silver sulfide
Nitroglycerin chemical properties ✔️explodes- decomposes to produce mixture of gases
Carbon Monoxide (CO) chemical properties ✔️toxic - combines with hemoglobin causing anoxia
Neon Chemical properties ✔️is inert- does not react with anything
Science ✔️organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world
Science is limited to studying by which: ✔️is observable
processes in which variables can be controls
2 facets of science ✔️technological
Philosophical
Technological science ✔️Factual
direct application of knowledge to solve problem
Science and Technology ✔️interrelated
both involve risks and benefits
risk-benefit analysis ✔️The process of evaluating the possible problems of a technology compared to the expected advantages.
DQ= Benefits/Risks
top 4 risk factors of death in US ✔️all causes 1:1
smoking 1:4
Heart Disease 1:5
All cancers 1:7
