Nursing 3550 - Pharmacology of
Cardiovascular System Questions And
Answers.
Diuretics are issued for what condition? - Answer - treat hypertension
- mobilization of edematous fluid associated with heart failures, cirrhosis, or kidney disease
- prevent renal failure
Four functionally distinct regions of the nephron - Answer - glomerulus
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of Henle
- distal convoluted Tubule
Three functions of the kidney - Answer - cleansing of extracellular fluid (ECF) and
maintenance of the ECF volume and composition (diuretics affect this the most)
- maintenance of the acid-base balance
- excretion of metabolic waste and foreign substances
Three basic renal processes - Answer - filtration, reabsorption (diuretics work to primarily
influence this), active secretion
Process of Reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Answer - high resorptive
capacity
- a large fraction (65%) of filtered sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and potassium is reabsorbed at
the PCT
- water follows passively after reabsorption
- tubular urine remains isotonic (300 mOsm/L) = when filtrate leave the PCT, sodium and
chloride are only solutes that remain in significant amounts
Process of Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle - Answer - descending limb is freely permeable
to water = as moving down, passes a hypertonic environment when moving into the medulla
- due to the hypertonic environment, water will move into the interstitial space = decreased
concentration of urine
- ascending limb of loop of Henle = 20% of filtered sodium and chloride is reabsorbed
- ascending limb is not permeable to water = causes tonicity of the tubular urine to return to
that of the original filtrate (300 mOsm/L)
, Process of Reabsorption in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (Early Segment) - Answer about 10%
of filtered sodium and chloride is reabsorbed, water passively follows
Process of Reabsorption at Late Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Ducts - Answer - site
of two important processes
1. exchange of sodium for potassium and is under the influence of aldosterone = diuretic target
this more
2. determine the final concentration of urine and regulated by antidiuretic hormones (ADH)
- exchange of sodium for potassium will be done with Aldosterone (principal mineralocorticoid
of the adrenal cortex) stimulates the reabsorption of sodium from the distal nephron and the
secretion of potassium
- promotes sodium-potassium exchange by stimulating cells of the distal nephron and
synthesizing more pumps responsible for sodium and potassium transport
How Diuretics Work - Answer increase in urine flow that a diuretic produce is directly related
to the amount of sodium and chloride reabsorption that is blocked
Furosemide Mechanism of Action - Answer - acts of thick segment of ascending limb of
Henle's loop to block reabsorption of Na and Cl, prevents passive reabsorption of water, causing
diuresis
Furosemide Therapeutic Use - Answer - pulmonary edema associated with congestive heart
failure
- edema of hepatic, cardiac, or renal origin that has been unresponsive to less efficacious
diuretics
hypertension that cannot be controlled with other diuretics
- hypertension
Furosemide Adverse Effects (11) - Answer hyponatremia, hypochloremia, dehydration,
hypotension, hypokalemia, ototoxicity, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, high LDL and
triglycerides, low HDL, calcium and magnesium deficiency
Furosemide Drug Interactions (6) - Answer Digoxin Furosemide, Ototoxic Drugs, Potassium-
Sparing Diuretics, Lithium low sodium, antihypertensive agents, NSAIDs
Hydrocholorothiazide Mechanism of Action - Answer - thiazide diuretics
- promotes urine production by blocking the reabsorption of Na and Cl in the early segment of
the distal convoluted tubule, water is retained as well to increase urine excretion
- less compared to furosemide
Cardiovascular System Questions And
Answers.
Diuretics are issued for what condition? - Answer - treat hypertension
- mobilization of edematous fluid associated with heart failures, cirrhosis, or kidney disease
- prevent renal failure
Four functionally distinct regions of the nephron - Answer - glomerulus
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of Henle
- distal convoluted Tubule
Three functions of the kidney - Answer - cleansing of extracellular fluid (ECF) and
maintenance of the ECF volume and composition (diuretics affect this the most)
- maintenance of the acid-base balance
- excretion of metabolic waste and foreign substances
Three basic renal processes - Answer - filtration, reabsorption (diuretics work to primarily
influence this), active secretion
Process of Reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Answer - high resorptive
capacity
- a large fraction (65%) of filtered sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and potassium is reabsorbed at
the PCT
- water follows passively after reabsorption
- tubular urine remains isotonic (300 mOsm/L) = when filtrate leave the PCT, sodium and
chloride are only solutes that remain in significant amounts
Process of Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle - Answer - descending limb is freely permeable
to water = as moving down, passes a hypertonic environment when moving into the medulla
- due to the hypertonic environment, water will move into the interstitial space = decreased
concentration of urine
- ascending limb of loop of Henle = 20% of filtered sodium and chloride is reabsorbed
- ascending limb is not permeable to water = causes tonicity of the tubular urine to return to
that of the original filtrate (300 mOsm/L)
, Process of Reabsorption in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (Early Segment) - Answer about 10%
of filtered sodium and chloride is reabsorbed, water passively follows
Process of Reabsorption at Late Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Ducts - Answer - site
of two important processes
1. exchange of sodium for potassium and is under the influence of aldosterone = diuretic target
this more
2. determine the final concentration of urine and regulated by antidiuretic hormones (ADH)
- exchange of sodium for potassium will be done with Aldosterone (principal mineralocorticoid
of the adrenal cortex) stimulates the reabsorption of sodium from the distal nephron and the
secretion of potassium
- promotes sodium-potassium exchange by stimulating cells of the distal nephron and
synthesizing more pumps responsible for sodium and potassium transport
How Diuretics Work - Answer increase in urine flow that a diuretic produce is directly related
to the amount of sodium and chloride reabsorption that is blocked
Furosemide Mechanism of Action - Answer - acts of thick segment of ascending limb of
Henle's loop to block reabsorption of Na and Cl, prevents passive reabsorption of water, causing
diuresis
Furosemide Therapeutic Use - Answer - pulmonary edema associated with congestive heart
failure
- edema of hepatic, cardiac, or renal origin that has been unresponsive to less efficacious
diuretics
hypertension that cannot be controlled with other diuretics
- hypertension
Furosemide Adverse Effects (11) - Answer hyponatremia, hypochloremia, dehydration,
hypotension, hypokalemia, ototoxicity, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, high LDL and
triglycerides, low HDL, calcium and magnesium deficiency
Furosemide Drug Interactions (6) - Answer Digoxin Furosemide, Ototoxic Drugs, Potassium-
Sparing Diuretics, Lithium low sodium, antihypertensive agents, NSAIDs
Hydrocholorothiazide Mechanism of Action - Answer - thiazide diuretics
- promotes urine production by blocking the reabsorption of Na and Cl in the early segment of
the distal convoluted tubule, water is retained as well to increase urine excretion
- less compared to furosemide
