Jersey College A&P Final Exam Questions and Answers

Jersey College A&P Final Exam Questions and Answers what is the lymphatic system? system of tissues and vessels scattered throughout the body and services almost all regions what are the parts of the lymphatic system? tonsils, thymus, spleen, peyer patch, small intestine, appendix, lymph nodes and vessels functions of the lymphatic system fluid balance, protection, and absorption of fats lymphatic circulation is one-way system that begins in the tissues and ends when the lymph joins the blood lymphatic capillaries walls (endothelium) flattened epithelial cells, more permeable, cells overlap slightly, forming one-way valves, lacteals absorb fat, arise blindly (closed at one end) lymphatic vessels include superficial and deep sets, right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct right lymphatic duct short vessel receives only lymph that comes from the body's superior right quadrant and empties into right subclavian vein near heart thoracic duct receives lymph from all parts of the body except those superior to the diaphragm on the right side; drains into thee left subclavian vein cisterna chyli first part of the thoracic duct enlarged to form cistern or a temp storage pouch movement of lymph toward heart is caused by: valves in lymphatic vessels contraction of lymphatic vessels skeletal muscle contraction breathing roughly how many lymph nodes are in the body? about 600 lymphoid tissue distributed throughout the body and makes up specialized organs lymph nodes small masses of lymphatic tissue that filter the lymph lymph fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system, clear fluid; hilum indented area that is the exit point for efferent lymphatic vessels carrying lymph out of the node cervical nodes located in the neck in deep and superficial groups, drain parts of head and neck axillary nodes located in armpits tracheobronchial nodes near the trachea and around the larger bronchial tubes mesenteric nodes found between the two layers of peritoneum that form the mesentry, 100-150 nodes Inguinal nodes located in groin region, receive lymph drainage from lower extremities and from external reproductive organs buboes enlarged Inguinal nodes the spleen cleanses blood through filtration and phagocytosis, destroys old blood cells, produces red blood cells before birth, serves as a reservoir for blood splenectomy surgical removal of the the spleen lacteals specialized lymphatic capillaries in the lining of the small intestine that absorb fats the thymus plays a role in early immune system development, t cells mature, shrinks after puberty, produce thymosin appendix fingerlike tube of lymphatic tissue that figures into the development of immunity Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) important barrier against infection; found in portions of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital mucosal linings; helps to destroy contaminants by means of phagocytosis and production of antibodies gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) largest aggregations of MALT found in the digestive tract tonsils protect against inhaled or ingested contaminants; trap pathogens;surgery to treat if become infected or swollen and reoccurs which makes swallowing and breathing difficult palatine tonsils oval bodies located at each side of the soft palate; generally what one refers to as "tonsils" pharyngeal tonsil commonly called adenoid; located behind the nose on the posterior wall of pharynx lingual tonsils little mounds of lymphoid tissue at the posterior of the tongue lymphadenopathy disease of the lymph nodes lymphedema swelling that obstructs lymph flow four phases of respiration pulmonary ventilation, external gas exchange, gas transport in the blood, and internal gas exchange pulmonary ventilation exchange of air between the atmosphere and the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs external gas exchange occurs in the lungs as oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood to be eliminated gas transport in the blood circulating blood carries gases between the lungs and the tissues, supply oxygen to the cells and bring back carbon dioxide internal gas exchange occurs in tissues as oxygen diffuses from the blood to the cells Oxygen does what for our cells? helps break down nutrients respiration process by which oxygen is obtained from the environment and delivered to the cells everything in the lower respiratory tract can be what life or death most common chronic respiratory disease of childhood asthma structures of the respiratory system nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleura nostrils openings in the nose that air enters nasal cavities two spaces located between roof of mouth and the cranium nasal septum partition that separates the two nasal cavitites mucous membrane in nasal cavity filter foreign bodies, warm and moisten air conchae three projections on the lateral walls of each nasal cavity pharynx (or throat) carries air into the respiratory tract and carries foods and liquids into the digestive system nasopharynx superior portion of pharynx oropharynx middle section of pharynx laryngopharynx inferior portion of pharynx larynx located between the pharynx and the trachea thyroid cartilage adams apple, anterior portion protrudes at anterior of neck vocal folds or vocal cords used for speech glottis space between the vocal folds epiglottis little leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing trachea windpipe, conducts air between the larynx and the lungs; framework of separate cartilages, horseshoe shape the trachea divides into two bronchi: hilum and epithelial tissue lining(psuedostratified with cilia) lungs located on either side of the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity alveoli thin-walled sacs gas exchange occurs right lung has how many lobes three lobes left lung has how many lobes two lobes bronchioles bronchial tree the bronchi subdivide and branch out forming a tree-like appearance diaphragm muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal pelvic cavity pleura continuous double sac that covers each lung, serous membrane parietal pleura portion attached to the chest wall visceral pleura portion attached to the lung surface pleural space space between the two pleura layers that contains a thin film of fluid that lubricates the membranes what is involved in respiration? ventilation of the lungs, exchange of gases at the lungs and body tissues, and transport in blood Inhalation drawing air into the lungs; active phase; diaphragm contracts and flattens as the thoracic cavity increase in size what happens to the gas pressure? the gas pressure decreases in the cavity exhalation passive phase; muscles relax spirometer an instrument for recording volumes of air inhaled and exhaled gas exchange requires what? a pressure gradient external gas exchange movement of gases between the alveoli and the capillary blood in the lungs; oxygen will diffuse across the alveolar wall and into the capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli internal gas exchange takes place between the blood and the tissues, carbon dioxide diffused out of tissues and into the blood transport of oxygen 98.5% of oxygen is transported in blood by hemoglobin transport of carbon dioxide 10% dissolved in plasma and red blood cells 15% combined with protein portion of hemoglobin and plasma proteins 75% dissolved in blood fluids and converted to bicarbonate ion regulation of respiration complex process regulated by changes in cellular oxygen demands and carbon dioxide production; controlled by central nervous system medulla main control center in regulation of respiration respiratory control center medulla and pons of the brain stem what nerve goes to the diaphragm Phrenic nerve