NSG 533 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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5 essential components of pathophysiology -ANSWER 1. Etiology
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Clinical Manifestations
5. Outcomes
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease -ANSWER idiopathic and
cryptogenic
define prevalence of epidemiology -ANSWER number of cases, both old and new,
during a specific time period
what is the most common stressor of disease -ANSWER ATP deletion
what are the two phases of ATP production? -ANSWER 1. Anaerobic (glycolysis) 2.
Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? -ANSWER 2
,define iatrogenic -ANSWER etiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical
intervention
what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death -ANSWER 1. ATP
Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
define incidence of epidemiology -ANSWER the new number of cases in a given
population in a specific time period
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? -ANSWER 36
in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production may be
impaired? -ANSWER 1. Hypoxia
2.
ischemia -ANSWER reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion -ANSWER obstruction --> ischemia -->
decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b) increased
anaerobic glycolysis
explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP
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production -ANSWER normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most
potassium ions are inside the cell
, what are reactive oxygen species? -ANSWER highly reactive forms of oxygen
typically from the mitochondria
why are antioxidants important -ANSWER protect cells from free radicals and ROS
are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress -ANSWER decreased :(
what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals? -ANSWER 1.
Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
define oxidative stress -ANSWER Injury induced by free-radicals and ROS
two endogenous accumulations -ANSWER 1. Lipids
2. Bilirubin
define reperfusion injury -ANSWER when blood flow is restored to ischemic
tissues, additional damage can occur resulting in cell death
proposed reasons for reperfusion injury (5) -ANSWER 1. oxidative stress
2. nitrogen-based free radicals
3. increased intracellular calcium
4. inflammation
5. complement activation
(VERIFIED) GRADED A+ | LATEST UPDATE
2026/2027 | GUARANTEED PASS.
5 essential components of pathophysiology -ANSWER 1. Etiology
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Clinical Manifestations
5. Outcomes
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease -ANSWER idiopathic and
cryptogenic
define prevalence of epidemiology -ANSWER number of cases, both old and new,
during a specific time period
what is the most common stressor of disease -ANSWER ATP deletion
what are the two phases of ATP production? -ANSWER 1. Anaerobic (glycolysis) 2.
Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? -ANSWER 2
,define iatrogenic -ANSWER etiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical
intervention
what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death -ANSWER 1. ATP
Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
define incidence of epidemiology -ANSWER the new number of cases in a given
population in a specific time period
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? -ANSWER 36
in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production may be
impaired? -ANSWER 1. Hypoxia
2.
ischemia -ANSWER reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion -ANSWER obstruction --> ischemia -->
decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b) increased
anaerobic glycolysis
explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP
,Thank you for Purchasing this exam Study
Guide. We provide high-quality academic
materials to help students excel in exams.
Our other Services include but not limited
to: academic research, University &
College assignments writing, essay
writing, Online Classes, and research
projects. Our services are reliable,
affordable, and plagiarism-free. All the
Best in your Exam. For more information;
Contact us at:
or 0R +254
741484450
production -ANSWER normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most
potassium ions are inside the cell
, what are reactive oxygen species? -ANSWER highly reactive forms of oxygen
typically from the mitochondria
why are antioxidants important -ANSWER protect cells from free radicals and ROS
are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress -ANSWER decreased :(
what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals? -ANSWER 1.
Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
define oxidative stress -ANSWER Injury induced by free-radicals and ROS
two endogenous accumulations -ANSWER 1. Lipids
2. Bilirubin
define reperfusion injury -ANSWER when blood flow is restored to ischemic
tissues, additional damage can occur resulting in cell death
proposed reasons for reperfusion injury (5) -ANSWER 1. oxidative stress
2. nitrogen-based free radicals
3. increased intracellular calcium
4. inflammation
5. complement activation
