PHARMACOLOGY NURSING LEHNES
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS FINAL PAPER
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS VERIFIED A+
◉ Functions of ARBs (Losartan)
Answer: Vasodilation similar to ACE inhibitors to reduce blood
pressure
◉ Indications for ARBs (Losartan)
Answer: DO NOT increase levels of bradykinin and therefore do not
really cause coughing
Valsartan and Candesartan help with heart failure; Valsartan
(VALIENT TRIALS) can help post MI patients
Delay development of Diabetic nephropathy
Losartan for stroke prevention
Hypertension, Heart failure, Diabetic nephropathy, prevention of
cardiac events in high risk patients
,◉ Adverse effects of ARBs (Losartan)
Answer: angioedema, fetal harm, renal failure
◉ Indications for Calcium Channel Blockers (Nifedipine)
Answer: hypertension, angina pectoris, dysrythmias (act on calcium
ion inhibition to prevent electrical signals)
Two families: dihydropyridines (nifedipine) which act on arterioles
and nondihydropyridines (verapemil and diltiazem) which act on
both arterioles and the heart
They act on blood vessels and smooth muscle in the heart
◉ Adverse effects of calcium channel blockers
Answer: CONSTIPATION (more common in older adults); increase
dietary fiber and fluids), chronic eczema eruptions (more common
in older adults), reflex tachycardia (more common in Nifedipine, can
be reduced with combo of beta blocker which can lead to cardiac
depression), dizziness, flushing, headache, peripheral edema (ankles
and feet), cardiac depression (increased risk with beta blocker use),
AV block (increased risk with digoxin), GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
◉ Indications of use for vasodilators (Hydralazine)
, Answer: Essential hypertension, hypertensive crisis, angina pectoris,
heart failure, myocardial infarction
◉ Adverse effects of vasodilators
Answer: postural hypotension (patients at increased risk
for falls; avoid abrupt movements; less risk with hydralazine), reflex
tachycardia, expansion of blood volume, acute rheumatoid
syndrome (muscle pain, joint pain, nephritis, pericarditis, and
presence of antinuclear antibodies), increased hair growth
{hypertrichosis} (with minoxidil)
Minoxidil can cause pericardial effusion and furthermore cardiac
tamponade
◉ Blood pressure categories
Answer: normal (120/80)
elevated (121-129/80)
hypertension stage 1 (130-139/80-89)
hypertension stage 2 (140/90)
hypertensive crisis (150/100 or 160/110)
Primary hypertension has no definable cause
Secondary hypertension has identifiable cause
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS FINAL PAPER
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS VERIFIED A+
◉ Functions of ARBs (Losartan)
Answer: Vasodilation similar to ACE inhibitors to reduce blood
pressure
◉ Indications for ARBs (Losartan)
Answer: DO NOT increase levels of bradykinin and therefore do not
really cause coughing
Valsartan and Candesartan help with heart failure; Valsartan
(VALIENT TRIALS) can help post MI patients
Delay development of Diabetic nephropathy
Losartan for stroke prevention
Hypertension, Heart failure, Diabetic nephropathy, prevention of
cardiac events in high risk patients
,◉ Adverse effects of ARBs (Losartan)
Answer: angioedema, fetal harm, renal failure
◉ Indications for Calcium Channel Blockers (Nifedipine)
Answer: hypertension, angina pectoris, dysrythmias (act on calcium
ion inhibition to prevent electrical signals)
Two families: dihydropyridines (nifedipine) which act on arterioles
and nondihydropyridines (verapemil and diltiazem) which act on
both arterioles and the heart
They act on blood vessels and smooth muscle in the heart
◉ Adverse effects of calcium channel blockers
Answer: CONSTIPATION (more common in older adults); increase
dietary fiber and fluids), chronic eczema eruptions (more common
in older adults), reflex tachycardia (more common in Nifedipine, can
be reduced with combo of beta blocker which can lead to cardiac
depression), dizziness, flushing, headache, peripheral edema (ankles
and feet), cardiac depression (increased risk with beta blocker use),
AV block (increased risk with digoxin), GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
◉ Indications of use for vasodilators (Hydralazine)
, Answer: Essential hypertension, hypertensive crisis, angina pectoris,
heart failure, myocardial infarction
◉ Adverse effects of vasodilators
Answer: postural hypotension (patients at increased risk
for falls; avoid abrupt movements; less risk with hydralazine), reflex
tachycardia, expansion of blood volume, acute rheumatoid
syndrome (muscle pain, joint pain, nephritis, pericarditis, and
presence of antinuclear antibodies), increased hair growth
{hypertrichosis} (with minoxidil)
Minoxidil can cause pericardial effusion and furthermore cardiac
tamponade
◉ Blood pressure categories
Answer: normal (120/80)
elevated (121-129/80)
hypertension stage 1 (130-139/80-89)
hypertension stage 2 (140/90)
hypertensive crisis (150/100 or 160/110)
Primary hypertension has no definable cause
Secondary hypertension has identifiable cause
