CARDIAC COMPLEX CARE EXAM PREP QUESTIONS ANSWERS STUDY GUIDE VERIFIED
SOLUTION
Cardiac Complex CARE Actual EXAM Paper
2026/2027 Questions and Answers Verified Solutions
Latest Update
Question:
● Preload.
Answer:
-volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (end diastolic pressure) Increased in hypervolemia,
regurgitation, heart failure
Question:
● Afterload.
Answer:
-resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood Increased in hypertension,
vasoconstriction increased afterload=increased cardiac workload
Question:
● Hypertension.
Answer:
-narrowing of vascular lumen Defined as BP > 140/90 Increases risk of MI 10 fold in all populations
Increases risk of comorbidities: Atherosclerosis, MI, Renal Failure
Question:
● HTN risk factors.
Answer:
-Modifiable: Tobacco, Physical Inactivity & Obesity, Diabetes, Stress; depression, anxiety, anger
Non modifiable: Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Family Hx
, Question:
● JNC HTN Guidelines.
Answer:
-Age based Adults 18-60 lifestyle modifications BP goal < 140/90 Adults with CKD or DM BP goal
<140/90 Adults >60 BP Goal <150/90 Reinforce lifestyle adherence at each step
Question:
● HTN Management.
Answer:
-Lifestyle modifications: Diet (DASH diet), Exercise (3-4 days/week), Tobacco cessation, Etoh
reduction, Stress reduction Meds: ACEI, ARB, Thiazide. CCB
Question:
● myocardial infarction.
Answer:
-Begins with myocardial ischemia (then injury, infarct) When demand for myocardial O2 exceeds
coronary arteries' ability to supply O2 Hypoxia occurs within 10 seconds of occlusion Infarction and
cell death occurs after 20 minutes of hypoxia Cell death is IRREVERSIBLE Occurs when >75% of
coronary vessel occluded AKA ACS MEDICAL EMERGENCY Includes: Unstable Angina, Non
ST Elevated MI Sxs Result of sustained ischemia Causes irreversible myocardial necrosis Necrosis
of entire thickness of myocardium occurs after 4 hours, can take up to 20 hours Degree of altered
cardiac function related to location, duration, and size of the infarct Contractile function of heart is
disrupted in areas of myocardial necrosis Most MIs involve Left Ventricle
Question:
● MI EKG Changes.
Answer:
-EKG Changes Occur with ACS: T wave inversion, ST segment elevation, Abnormal Q wave
Changes vary with duration, location, and extent of ischemia ST Elevation occurs ischemia affects
complete thickness of the myocardial wall
SOLUTION
Cardiac Complex CARE Actual EXAM Paper
2026/2027 Questions and Answers Verified Solutions
Latest Update
Question:
● Preload.
Answer:
-volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (end diastolic pressure) Increased in hypervolemia,
regurgitation, heart failure
Question:
● Afterload.
Answer:
-resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood Increased in hypertension,
vasoconstriction increased afterload=increased cardiac workload
Question:
● Hypertension.
Answer:
-narrowing of vascular lumen Defined as BP > 140/90 Increases risk of MI 10 fold in all populations
Increases risk of comorbidities: Atherosclerosis, MI, Renal Failure
Question:
● HTN risk factors.
Answer:
-Modifiable: Tobacco, Physical Inactivity & Obesity, Diabetes, Stress; depression, anxiety, anger
Non modifiable: Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Family Hx
, Question:
● JNC HTN Guidelines.
Answer:
-Age based Adults 18-60 lifestyle modifications BP goal < 140/90 Adults with CKD or DM BP goal
<140/90 Adults >60 BP Goal <150/90 Reinforce lifestyle adherence at each step
Question:
● HTN Management.
Answer:
-Lifestyle modifications: Diet (DASH diet), Exercise (3-4 days/week), Tobacco cessation, Etoh
reduction, Stress reduction Meds: ACEI, ARB, Thiazide. CCB
Question:
● myocardial infarction.
Answer:
-Begins with myocardial ischemia (then injury, infarct) When demand for myocardial O2 exceeds
coronary arteries' ability to supply O2 Hypoxia occurs within 10 seconds of occlusion Infarction and
cell death occurs after 20 minutes of hypoxia Cell death is IRREVERSIBLE Occurs when >75% of
coronary vessel occluded AKA ACS MEDICAL EMERGENCY Includes: Unstable Angina, Non
ST Elevated MI Sxs Result of sustained ischemia Causes irreversible myocardial necrosis Necrosis
of entire thickness of myocardium occurs after 4 hours, can take up to 20 hours Degree of altered
cardiac function related to location, duration, and size of the infarct Contractile function of heart is
disrupted in areas of myocardial necrosis Most MIs involve Left Ventricle
Question:
● MI EKG Changes.
Answer:
-EKG Changes Occur with ACS: T wave inversion, ST segment elevation, Abnormal Q wave
Changes vary with duration, location, and extent of ischemia ST Elevation occurs ischemia affects
complete thickness of the myocardial wall
