NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Final Exam questions with verified answers
A+ Grade 2026\2027
Explain primary prevention
- correct answer Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people
Explain secondary prevention
- correct answer "Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease
early before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention
- correct answer "Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the
person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention?
- correct answer Vaccinations and Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention?
- correct answer PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention?
- correct answer Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to
prevent pressure ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight response?
- correct answer Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light response?
- correct answer Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action
,Explain the role of the nucleus
- correct answer control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help
build body proteins
Explain the role of the mitochondria
- correct answer Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA
Explain the role of the ribosome
- correct answer produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and translation of
RNA into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes
- correct answer helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER
- correct answer folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it
and helps produce proteins for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER
- correct answer helps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones,
and calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome
- correct answer membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals,
breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body
- correct answer stacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps
move things in and out of cell
Explain passive immunity
- correct answer the transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or
immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized person. Provides immediate and short term
protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA and IgE. Passes protection
,What are examples of passive immunity?
- correct answer mom to fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy
Explain active immunity
- correct answer a protective state owing to the immune system response as a result of active infection
or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to fight it to have long term
immunity
What are examples of active immunity?
- correct answer Vaccinations
Explain what edema is
- correct answer accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue swelling
What are some causes of edema?
- correct answer increase in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial compartments or
decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema?
- correct answer Increase in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume,
increased capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to
hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity?
- correct answer an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range, leading to
damage
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity?
- correct answer anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds
to IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity
- correct answer IgE
, Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity
- correct answer allergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and runny nose
How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
- correct answer antihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids,
to decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or through IM
in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?
- correct answer hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing,
tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity
- correct answer The cells attack healthy organs and blood, causing symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity
- correct answer cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity
- correct answer Blood transfusions when wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn, grans
disease, myasthenia gravis
What is type 3 hypersensitivity?
- correct answer The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate immune
responses that can damage tissues. Immune complex
Mediating factor type 3 hypersensitivity
- correct answer immune complexes
Examples type 3 hypersensitivity
- correct answer RA, lupus
A+ Grade 2026\2027
Explain primary prevention
- correct answer Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people
Explain secondary prevention
- correct answer "Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease
early before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention
- correct answer "Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the
person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention?
- correct answer Vaccinations and Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention?
- correct answer PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention?
- correct answer Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to
prevent pressure ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight response?
- correct answer Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light response?
- correct answer Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action
,Explain the role of the nucleus
- correct answer control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help
build body proteins
Explain the role of the mitochondria
- correct answer Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA
Explain the role of the ribosome
- correct answer produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and translation of
RNA into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes
- correct answer helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER
- correct answer folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it
and helps produce proteins for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER
- correct answer helps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones,
and calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome
- correct answer membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals,
breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body
- correct answer stacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps
move things in and out of cell
Explain passive immunity
- correct answer the transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or
immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized person. Provides immediate and short term
protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA and IgE. Passes protection
,What are examples of passive immunity?
- correct answer mom to fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy
Explain active immunity
- correct answer a protective state owing to the immune system response as a result of active infection
or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to fight it to have long term
immunity
What are examples of active immunity?
- correct answer Vaccinations
Explain what edema is
- correct answer accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue swelling
What are some causes of edema?
- correct answer increase in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial compartments or
decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema?
- correct answer Increase in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume,
increased capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to
hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity?
- correct answer an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range, leading to
damage
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity?
- correct answer anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds
to IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity
- correct answer IgE
, Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity
- correct answer allergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and runny nose
How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
- correct answer antihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids,
to decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or through IM
in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?
- correct answer hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing,
tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity
- correct answer The cells attack healthy organs and blood, causing symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity
- correct answer cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity
- correct answer Blood transfusions when wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn, grans
disease, myasthenia gravis
What is type 3 hypersensitivity?
- correct answer The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate immune
responses that can damage tissues. Immune complex
Mediating factor type 3 hypersensitivity
- correct answer immune complexes
Examples type 3 hypersensitivity
- correct answer RA, lupus
