NR283 PATHO EXAM 2 questions and answers A+ Grade 2026\2027
Left sided heart failure
- correct answer 1. dysPnea, Shortness of breath
2. Crackles
3. Oliguria
4. Frothy Sputum
5. Displaced Apical Pulse (Hypertrophy)
right sided heart failure
- correct answer 1. Jugular Vein Distention
2. Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. enlarged liver and spleen
5. fatigue
6. peripheral venous pressure
Signs and symptoms of congenital heart defects
- correct answer • Pallor and cyanosis
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea on exertion and tachypnea
• A squatting position, often seen in toddlers and older children
• Clubbed fingers (thick, bulbous fingertips) developed in time
• A marked intolerance for exercise and exposure to cold weather
• Delayed growth and development
,which valves are usually affected with valvular defects?
- correct answer aortic and pulmonary valves
What is stenosis?
- correct answer narrowing of a valve which restricts the forward flow of blood
What is valvular incompetence?
- correct answer failure of valve to close completely which causes the blood to regurgitates or leaks
backward
Blood flow through the cardiac valves
- correct answer Tricuspid
Pulmonic
Mitral
Aortic
Hypertension is categorized into two categories:
- correct answer primary-essential hypertension; idiopathic
secondary- results from renal or disease or a benign tumor in the adrenal medulla. Can pinpoint cause
What areas are most frequently damaged by uncontrolled hypertension?
- correct answer chronic renal failure, stroke due to hemorrhage, loss of vision, or congestive heart
failure.
Treatments of hypertension
- correct answer drug therapy-alpha and beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, mild diuretics. lifestyle changes,
quit smoking, exercise, lower salt intake
signs and symptoms of hypertension
- correct answer -Frequently asymptomatic in early stages
-Initial signs vague and non-specific
-Fatigue, malaise, sometimes morning occipital headache
, orthostatic hypotension
- correct answer Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to
sitting or standing positions
shock
- correct answer A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to
enable every body part to perform its function
hypovolemic shock
- correct answer loss of circulating blood volume
cardiogenic shock
- correct answer Inability of heart to maintain cardiac output to circulation; heart is unable to pump
properly
Vasogenic Shock
- correct answer Vasodilation owing to loss of sympathetic and vasomotor tone. caused by Pain and
fear, spinal cord injury, hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
anaphylactic shock
- correct answer Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction.
septic shock
- correct answer Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection.
Compensation mechanisms during shock
- correct answer • heart rate increases
• Renin is secreted to activate angiotensin, a vasoconstrictor, and aldosterone to increase blood volume.
• Increased secretion of ADH also promotes reabsorption of water from the kidneys to increase blood
volume and acts as a vasoconstrictor.
• Glucocorticoids are secreted that help stabilize the vascular system.
• Acidosis stimulates respirations, increasing oxygen supplies and reducing carbon dioxide levels.
Left sided heart failure
- correct answer 1. dysPnea, Shortness of breath
2. Crackles
3. Oliguria
4. Frothy Sputum
5. Displaced Apical Pulse (Hypertrophy)
right sided heart failure
- correct answer 1. Jugular Vein Distention
2. Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. enlarged liver and spleen
5. fatigue
6. peripheral venous pressure
Signs and symptoms of congenital heart defects
- correct answer • Pallor and cyanosis
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea on exertion and tachypnea
• A squatting position, often seen in toddlers and older children
• Clubbed fingers (thick, bulbous fingertips) developed in time
• A marked intolerance for exercise and exposure to cold weather
• Delayed growth and development
,which valves are usually affected with valvular defects?
- correct answer aortic and pulmonary valves
What is stenosis?
- correct answer narrowing of a valve which restricts the forward flow of blood
What is valvular incompetence?
- correct answer failure of valve to close completely which causes the blood to regurgitates or leaks
backward
Blood flow through the cardiac valves
- correct answer Tricuspid
Pulmonic
Mitral
Aortic
Hypertension is categorized into two categories:
- correct answer primary-essential hypertension; idiopathic
secondary- results from renal or disease or a benign tumor in the adrenal medulla. Can pinpoint cause
What areas are most frequently damaged by uncontrolled hypertension?
- correct answer chronic renal failure, stroke due to hemorrhage, loss of vision, or congestive heart
failure.
Treatments of hypertension
- correct answer drug therapy-alpha and beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, mild diuretics. lifestyle changes,
quit smoking, exercise, lower salt intake
signs and symptoms of hypertension
- correct answer -Frequently asymptomatic in early stages
-Initial signs vague and non-specific
-Fatigue, malaise, sometimes morning occipital headache
, orthostatic hypotension
- correct answer Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to
sitting or standing positions
shock
- correct answer A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to
enable every body part to perform its function
hypovolemic shock
- correct answer loss of circulating blood volume
cardiogenic shock
- correct answer Inability of heart to maintain cardiac output to circulation; heart is unable to pump
properly
Vasogenic Shock
- correct answer Vasodilation owing to loss of sympathetic and vasomotor tone. caused by Pain and
fear, spinal cord injury, hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
anaphylactic shock
- correct answer Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction.
septic shock
- correct answer Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection.
Compensation mechanisms during shock
- correct answer • heart rate increases
• Renin is secreted to activate angiotensin, a vasoconstrictor, and aldosterone to increase blood volume.
• Increased secretion of ADH also promotes reabsorption of water from the kidneys to increase blood
volume and acts as a vasoconstrictor.
• Glucocorticoids are secreted that help stabilize the vascular system.
• Acidosis stimulates respirations, increasing oxygen supplies and reducing carbon dioxide levels.
