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, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Solutions Manual: General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 7th
ST
Edition
Authors: Raymond Chang, Kenneth Goldsby
UV
1. Introduction
2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
3. Stoichiometry
4. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
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5. Gases
6. Energy Relationships in Chemical Reactions
7. The Electronic Structure of Atoms
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8. The Periodic Table
9. Chemical Bonding I: The Covalent Bond
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10. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
12. Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
13. Physical Properties of Solutions
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14. Chemical Kinetics
15. Chemical Equilibrium
16. Acids and Bases
17. Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria
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18. Thermodynamics
19. Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
20. The Chemistry of Coordination Compounds
21. Nuclear Chemistry
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22. Organic Polymers—Synthetic and Natural
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, CHAPTER 1
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 (a) Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. (b) Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an
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object. (c) Weight is the force that gravity exerts on an object. (d) A substance is matter that has a definite or
constant composition and distinct properties. (e) A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in
which the substances retain their distinct identities.
1.2 The scientifically correct statement is, “The mass of the student is 56 kg.”
1.3 Table salt dissolved in water is an example of a homogeneous mixture. Oil mixed with water is an example of
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a heterogeneous mixture.
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1.4 A physical property is any property of a substance that can be observed without transforming the substance
into some other substance. A chemical property is any property of a substance that cannot be studied without
converting the substance into some other substance.
1.5 Density is an example of an intensive property. Mass is an example of an extensive property.
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1.6 (a) An element is a substance that cannot be separated into simple substances by chemical means.
(b) A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
1.7 (a) Chemical property. Oxygen gas is consumed in a combustion reaction; its composition and identity are
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changed.
(b) Chemical property. The fertilizer is consumed by the growing plants; it is turned into vegetable matter
(different composition).
(c) Physical property. The measurement of the boiling point of water does not change its identity or
composition.
(d) Physical property. The measurement of the densities of lead and aluminum does not change their
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composition.
(e) Chemical property. When uranium undergoes nuclear decay, the products are chemically different
substances.
1.8 (a) Physical change. Helium is not changed in any way by leaking out of the balloon.
(b) Chemical change in the battery.
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(c) Physical change. The orange juice concentrate can be regenerated by evaporation of the water.
(d) Chemical change. Photosynthesis changes water, carbon dioxide, and so on, into complex organic
matter.
(e) Physical change. The salt can be recovered unchanged by evaporation.
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1.9 (a) extensive (b) extensive (c) intensive (d) extensive
1.10 (a) extensive (b) intensive (c) intensive
1
, 2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
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1.11 (a) element (b) compound (c) element (d) compound
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ED
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ED
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PR
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IA
UV
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, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Solutions Manual: General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 7th
ST
Edition
Authors: Raymond Chang, Kenneth Goldsby
UV
1. Introduction
2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
3. Stoichiometry
4. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
IA
5. Gases
6. Energy Relationships in Chemical Reactions
7. The Electronic Structure of Atoms
_
8. The Periodic Table
9. Chemical Bonding I: The Covalent Bond
AP
10. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
12. Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
13. Physical Properties of Solutions
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14. Chemical Kinetics
15. Chemical Equilibrium
16. Acids and Bases
17. Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria
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18. Thermodynamics
19. Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
20. The Chemistry of Coordination Compounds
21. Nuclear Chemistry
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22. Organic Polymers—Synthetic and Natural
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, CHAPTER 1
ST
INTRODUCTION
1.1 (a) Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. (b) Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an
UV
object. (c) Weight is the force that gravity exerts on an object. (d) A substance is matter that has a definite or
constant composition and distinct properties. (e) A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in
which the substances retain their distinct identities.
1.2 The scientifically correct statement is, “The mass of the student is 56 kg.”
1.3 Table salt dissolved in water is an example of a homogeneous mixture. Oil mixed with water is an example of
I
a heterogeneous mixture.
A_
1.4 A physical property is any property of a substance that can be observed without transforming the substance
into some other substance. A chemical property is any property of a substance that cannot be studied without
converting the substance into some other substance.
1.5 Density is an example of an intensive property. Mass is an example of an extensive property.
AP
1.6 (a) An element is a substance that cannot be separated into simple substances by chemical means.
(b) A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
1.7 (a) Chemical property. Oxygen gas is consumed in a combustion reaction; its composition and identity are
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changed.
(b) Chemical property. The fertilizer is consumed by the growing plants; it is turned into vegetable matter
(different composition).
(c) Physical property. The measurement of the boiling point of water does not change its identity or
composition.
(d) Physical property. The measurement of the densities of lead and aluminum does not change their
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composition.
(e) Chemical property. When uranium undergoes nuclear decay, the products are chemically different
substances.
1.8 (a) Physical change. Helium is not changed in any way by leaking out of the balloon.
(b) Chemical change in the battery.
ED
(c) Physical change. The orange juice concentrate can be regenerated by evaporation of the water.
(d) Chemical change. Photosynthesis changes water, carbon dioxide, and so on, into complex organic
matter.
(e) Physical change. The salt can be recovered unchanged by evaporation.
?
1.9 (a) extensive (b) extensive (c) intensive (d) extensive
1.10 (a) extensive (b) intensive (c) intensive
1
, 2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
ST
1.11 (a) element (b) compound (c) element (d) compound
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