BIOS251 EXAM 2 ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY I ACTUAL TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ Prokaryotic cells Answer: Cells without an organized nucleus.
◉ Eukaryotic cells Answer: Cells with an organized and well defined
nucleus.
◉ Plasma (cell) membrane Answer: Separates internal and external
environments.
◉ DNA Answer: Genetic material that controls an organism's
composition and replicates the cell.
◉ Cytoplasm Answer: All the fluid and components between the
nucleus and the cell membrane, including the cytosol and cytoskeleton.
◉ Cytosol Answer: The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
◉ Organelles Answer: Specialized structures within a cell that perform
distinct processes.
,◉ Ribosomes Answer: The site of protein synthesis.
◉ Cytoskeleton Answer: Intracellular support used in cell movement
and moves organelles.
◉ Gamete cells Answer: Cells used for reproduction (sperm and ovum)
that replicate via meiosis.
◉ Somatic cells Answer: All other cells in the body that replicate via
mitosis.
◉ Functions of the cell membrane Answer: Serves as a barrier, anchors
the cytoskeleton, shapes the cell, allows communication, moves essential
molecules in, and removes waste.
◉ Phospholipid bilayer Answer: The structure that makes up the cell
membrane, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
◉ Transmembrane proteins Answer: Proteins that cross the width of the
membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
◉ Peripheral proteins Answer: Proteins only found on one surface of the
membrane.
◉ Cholesterol Answer: Creates the fluid mosaic model that gives the
cell both structure and flexibility.
, ◉ Integral proteins Answer: Proteins that travel the entire width of the
membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
◉ Channel proteins Answer: Proteins that allow ions to cross the
membrane from one side to another.
◉ Carrier proteins Answer: Proteins that transport specific substances
from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
◉ Receptor proteins Answer: Proteins that recognize and bind to
specific molecules called ligands.
◉ Na+/K+ ATPase pump Answer: Maintains an electrochemical
gradient.
◉ Gap Junctions Answer: Form a connection between two cells.
◉ Enzymes Answer: Catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions inside or
outside the cell.
◉ Cell Adhesion Molecules Answer: Serve as structural support and
stability for a cell.
PHYSIOLOGY I ACTUAL TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ Prokaryotic cells Answer: Cells without an organized nucleus.
◉ Eukaryotic cells Answer: Cells with an organized and well defined
nucleus.
◉ Plasma (cell) membrane Answer: Separates internal and external
environments.
◉ DNA Answer: Genetic material that controls an organism's
composition and replicates the cell.
◉ Cytoplasm Answer: All the fluid and components between the
nucleus and the cell membrane, including the cytosol and cytoskeleton.
◉ Cytosol Answer: The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
◉ Organelles Answer: Specialized structures within a cell that perform
distinct processes.
,◉ Ribosomes Answer: The site of protein synthesis.
◉ Cytoskeleton Answer: Intracellular support used in cell movement
and moves organelles.
◉ Gamete cells Answer: Cells used for reproduction (sperm and ovum)
that replicate via meiosis.
◉ Somatic cells Answer: All other cells in the body that replicate via
mitosis.
◉ Functions of the cell membrane Answer: Serves as a barrier, anchors
the cytoskeleton, shapes the cell, allows communication, moves essential
molecules in, and removes waste.
◉ Phospholipid bilayer Answer: The structure that makes up the cell
membrane, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
◉ Transmembrane proteins Answer: Proteins that cross the width of the
membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
◉ Peripheral proteins Answer: Proteins only found on one surface of the
membrane.
◉ Cholesterol Answer: Creates the fluid mosaic model that gives the
cell both structure and flexibility.
, ◉ Integral proteins Answer: Proteins that travel the entire width of the
membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
◉ Channel proteins Answer: Proteins that allow ions to cross the
membrane from one side to another.
◉ Carrier proteins Answer: Proteins that transport specific substances
from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
◉ Receptor proteins Answer: Proteins that recognize and bind to
specific molecules called ligands.
◉ Na+/K+ ATPase pump Answer: Maintains an electrochemical
gradient.
◉ Gap Junctions Answer: Form a connection between two cells.
◉ Enzymes Answer: Catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions inside or
outside the cell.
◉ Cell Adhesion Molecules Answer: Serve as structural support and
stability for a cell.
