BIOS251 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
FINAL PREPARATION SHEET 2026
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
GUARANTEED TO PASS
◉ Anabolism Answer: Energy-storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions
•Requires energy input
◉ Catabolism Answer: Energy-releasing (exergonic) decomposition
reactions
•Breaks covalent bonds
•Produces smaller molecules
◉ Mitosis Answer: Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell
(the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are
genetically identical to itself.
◉ Meiosis Answer: a type of cell division that results in four daughter
cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
◉ Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis Answer: -Both involved in
cell division resulting in new cells.
-mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell
and the nucleus divides once.
,-Meiosis produces cells that have ½ the number of chromosomes from
each parent cell and the nucleus divides twice.
◉ crossing over Answer: -The sharing of genetic material between two
non-sister chromatids in a homologous pair.
-occurs during prophase I of meiosis before tetrads are aligned along the
equator in metaphase I.
-occurs when chromosomal homologs exchange information during
metaphase of Meiosis I
◉ Nucleus Answer: Controls cell because it contains DNA, the genetic
code--instructions for making proteins, which in turn determine cell
structure and function
◉ Endoplasmic Reticulum Answer: -Network of connecting sacs and
canals
-Carry substances through fluid cytoplasm
-Two types: rough and smooth
◉ Rough ER Answer: collects, folds, and transports proteins made by
ribosomes, has ribosomes on it
◉ Smooth ER Answer: synthesizes chemicals, produces lipids that
makes up new membrane
◉ Mitochondria Answer: -Powerhouse of the cell
, -ATP is created in mitochondria
-Involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions
-Contains one DNA molecule
◉ Lysosomes Answer: -Contains digestive enzymes that digest and
break down things
-Formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis(programmed cell
death)
◉ Golgi apparatus Answer: -helps process and package proteins and
lipid molecules
-Called the chemical processing and packaging center
-Collect chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward
to plasma membrane
◉ Ribosomes Answer: Makes proteins
-May attaches to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm
-Made of two subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA
-Manufacture enzymes and other protein compounds
-Often called protein factories.
◉ Centrioles Answer: -Paired organelles that lie at right angles to each
other near the nucleus
-needed for cell divison
FINAL PREPARATION SHEET 2026
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
GUARANTEED TO PASS
◉ Anabolism Answer: Energy-storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions
•Requires energy input
◉ Catabolism Answer: Energy-releasing (exergonic) decomposition
reactions
•Breaks covalent bonds
•Produces smaller molecules
◉ Mitosis Answer: Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell
(the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are
genetically identical to itself.
◉ Meiosis Answer: a type of cell division that results in four daughter
cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
◉ Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis Answer: -Both involved in
cell division resulting in new cells.
-mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell
and the nucleus divides once.
,-Meiosis produces cells that have ½ the number of chromosomes from
each parent cell and the nucleus divides twice.
◉ crossing over Answer: -The sharing of genetic material between two
non-sister chromatids in a homologous pair.
-occurs during prophase I of meiosis before tetrads are aligned along the
equator in metaphase I.
-occurs when chromosomal homologs exchange information during
metaphase of Meiosis I
◉ Nucleus Answer: Controls cell because it contains DNA, the genetic
code--instructions for making proteins, which in turn determine cell
structure and function
◉ Endoplasmic Reticulum Answer: -Network of connecting sacs and
canals
-Carry substances through fluid cytoplasm
-Two types: rough and smooth
◉ Rough ER Answer: collects, folds, and transports proteins made by
ribosomes, has ribosomes on it
◉ Smooth ER Answer: synthesizes chemicals, produces lipids that
makes up new membrane
◉ Mitochondria Answer: -Powerhouse of the cell
, -ATP is created in mitochondria
-Involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions
-Contains one DNA molecule
◉ Lysosomes Answer: -Contains digestive enzymes that digest and
break down things
-Formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis(programmed cell
death)
◉ Golgi apparatus Answer: -helps process and package proteins and
lipid molecules
-Called the chemical processing and packaging center
-Collect chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward
to plasma membrane
◉ Ribosomes Answer: Makes proteins
-May attaches to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm
-Made of two subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA
-Manufacture enzymes and other protein compounds
-Often called protein factories.
◉ Centrioles Answer: -Paired organelles that lie at right angles to each
other near the nucleus
-needed for cell divison
