GMS 6440 CORE EXAM SET 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔active transport results in the _______ distribution of molecules in/out of cells -
✔✔uneven
✔✔what are the types of active transport and what are they powered by - ✔✔active
transport of molecules can be either primarily or indirectly (secondarily) powered by
ATP
✔✔the pump/leak model has ________ and ______ transport events - ✔✔simultaneous
and independent
✔✔what are the 3 primary forces involved in physiological functions - ✔✔pressure,
electrical, and chemical
✔✔what is the electrochemical driving force - ✔✔the sum of electrical and chemical
forces. can be in the same or opposite directions
✔✔electrochemical driving forces in a membrane are permeable to _______ - ✔✔only
one ion species
✔✔there is no voltage difference without _________ - ✔✔movement
✔✔concentration gradient is caused by ________ gradient - ✔✔electrical
✔✔concentration gradient (decreases/increases) and electrical gradient
(decreases/increases) as ________ - ✔✔concentration gradient decreases and
electrical gradient increases as more ions flow through leak channels
✔✔the concentration gradient is ________________ to the electrical gradient - ✔✔the
concentration gradient is equal and opposite to the electrical gradient
✔✔electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeable ion species is
controlled by the _____________ - ✔✔concentration gradient
✔✔the ________ is the potential that arises at equilibrium at a time where there is
__________ when the electrical and chemical forces are ____________ - ✔✔the
voltage is the potential that arises at equilibrium at a time when there is no further
change when the electrical and chemical forces are equal and opposite
✔✔the major forces governing electrolyte movement in cells are ________ and
__________ - ✔✔the major forces governing electrolyte movement in cells are electrical
forces (voltage=potential) and chemical concentration gradients
,✔✔for each species of electrolytes, their electrochemical equilibrium potential is
controlled by the ________ and ______ - ✔✔for each species of electrolytes, their
electrochemical equilibrium potential is controlled by concentration gradients and
degree of permeability of the membrane to that ion species
✔✔metabolic acidosis can result in - ✔✔hyperkalemia
✔✔negative voltage flow - ✔✔inside of the cell to outside of the cell
✔✔positive voltage flow - ✔✔outside of the cell to the inside of the cell
✔✔Na+ channel is a ____ conductor in the "resting" cell membrane. Na+ channel
contributes ________ to resting potential - ✔✔Na+ channel is a very poor conductor in
the "resting" cell membrane. Na+ channel contributes very little to resting potential
✔✔K+ leak channel is an ____________ conductor in the resting cell membrane -
✔✔excellent
✔✔K+ concentration gradient - ✔✔25:1 inside to outside
✔✔Na+ concentration gradient - ✔✔10:1 outside to inside
✔✔________ continually creates the gradients for Na+ and K+ - ✔✔Na+/K+ ATPase
✔✔ion distribution: large chemical gradients for K+ and Na_ are maintained by
__________ - ✔✔Na/K ATPase active transport pumps
✔✔K+ permeability of resting membrane is very _______ due to _______. Na
permeability is ____________ - ✔✔K+ permeability of resting membrane is very large,
due to the open K+ channels in membrane. Na+ permeability is much less
✔✔membranes resting potential of _______ mV is due primarily to the _______. ___
channel and other ion channels have much ________ effect on resting potential -
✔✔membranes resting potential of -90 mV is due primarily to the K+ electrochemical
equilibrium potential. Na+ channel and other ion channels have much less effect on
resting potential
✔✔changes in any ion channel's permeability or ion concentration gradient will
_________ the membrane potential and can be either _______ or __________ -
✔✔changes in any ion channel's permeability or ion concentration gradient will modify
the membrane potential and can be normal or pathological conditions
, ✔✔metabolic acidosis means - ✔✔there is a certain condition that cause excessive pH
drop in extracellular fluid that results in excessive K+ in the blood plasma
✔✔hyperkalemia can cause - ✔✔cardiac arrhythmias
✔✔hyperkalemia can be therapeutically corrected by - ✔✔injecting insulin into cells
✔✔steps of metabolic acidosis - ✔✔1. H+ gradient factors H+ inward movement in
acidosis
2. electrically "silent" exchange of 1H+ with 1K+
3. excessive extracellular plasma H+ results in extrusion of extra K+ into extracellular
space (plasma)
4. K+ uptake is therapeutically acutely enhance by insulin injection which stimulates
muscle cells membrane Na/K ATPase
✔✔extracellular fluid is about ____% of body weight - ✔✔20%
✔✔intracellular fluid is about ___% of body weight - ✔✔40%
✔✔interstitial fluid is about ___ of the _____ - ✔✔interstitial fluid is about ¾ of the
extracellular fluid
✔✔plasma is about ____ of the _____ - ✔✔plasma is about ¼ of the extracellular fluid
✔✔plasma volume is about ____% of body weight - ✔✔4-5%
✔✔in non obese humans:
_____% of body weight is water
_____% of body weight is proteins
____% of body weight is minerals
____% of body weight is fat - ✔✔60% water
18% proteins
7% minerals
15% fat
✔✔dilution principle - ✔✔volume (v) = quantity of sub added (x)/concentration at
equilibrium (c)
✔✔criteria for measurement of volume of a particular fluid compartment - ✔✔1.
substance x must be freely distributed through entire compartment
2. must be non toxic
3. not metabolized
4. easily measured
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔active transport results in the _______ distribution of molecules in/out of cells -
✔✔uneven
✔✔what are the types of active transport and what are they powered by - ✔✔active
transport of molecules can be either primarily or indirectly (secondarily) powered by
ATP
✔✔the pump/leak model has ________ and ______ transport events - ✔✔simultaneous
and independent
✔✔what are the 3 primary forces involved in physiological functions - ✔✔pressure,
electrical, and chemical
✔✔what is the electrochemical driving force - ✔✔the sum of electrical and chemical
forces. can be in the same or opposite directions
✔✔electrochemical driving forces in a membrane are permeable to _______ - ✔✔only
one ion species
✔✔there is no voltage difference without _________ - ✔✔movement
✔✔concentration gradient is caused by ________ gradient - ✔✔electrical
✔✔concentration gradient (decreases/increases) and electrical gradient
(decreases/increases) as ________ - ✔✔concentration gradient decreases and
electrical gradient increases as more ions flow through leak channels
✔✔the concentration gradient is ________________ to the electrical gradient - ✔✔the
concentration gradient is equal and opposite to the electrical gradient
✔✔electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeable ion species is
controlled by the _____________ - ✔✔concentration gradient
✔✔the ________ is the potential that arises at equilibrium at a time where there is
__________ when the electrical and chemical forces are ____________ - ✔✔the
voltage is the potential that arises at equilibrium at a time when there is no further
change when the electrical and chemical forces are equal and opposite
✔✔the major forces governing electrolyte movement in cells are ________ and
__________ - ✔✔the major forces governing electrolyte movement in cells are electrical
forces (voltage=potential) and chemical concentration gradients
,✔✔for each species of electrolytes, their electrochemical equilibrium potential is
controlled by the ________ and ______ - ✔✔for each species of electrolytes, their
electrochemical equilibrium potential is controlled by concentration gradients and
degree of permeability of the membrane to that ion species
✔✔metabolic acidosis can result in - ✔✔hyperkalemia
✔✔negative voltage flow - ✔✔inside of the cell to outside of the cell
✔✔positive voltage flow - ✔✔outside of the cell to the inside of the cell
✔✔Na+ channel is a ____ conductor in the "resting" cell membrane. Na+ channel
contributes ________ to resting potential - ✔✔Na+ channel is a very poor conductor in
the "resting" cell membrane. Na+ channel contributes very little to resting potential
✔✔K+ leak channel is an ____________ conductor in the resting cell membrane -
✔✔excellent
✔✔K+ concentration gradient - ✔✔25:1 inside to outside
✔✔Na+ concentration gradient - ✔✔10:1 outside to inside
✔✔________ continually creates the gradients for Na+ and K+ - ✔✔Na+/K+ ATPase
✔✔ion distribution: large chemical gradients for K+ and Na_ are maintained by
__________ - ✔✔Na/K ATPase active transport pumps
✔✔K+ permeability of resting membrane is very _______ due to _______. Na
permeability is ____________ - ✔✔K+ permeability of resting membrane is very large,
due to the open K+ channels in membrane. Na+ permeability is much less
✔✔membranes resting potential of _______ mV is due primarily to the _______. ___
channel and other ion channels have much ________ effect on resting potential -
✔✔membranes resting potential of -90 mV is due primarily to the K+ electrochemical
equilibrium potential. Na+ channel and other ion channels have much less effect on
resting potential
✔✔changes in any ion channel's permeability or ion concentration gradient will
_________ the membrane potential and can be either _______ or __________ -
✔✔changes in any ion channel's permeability or ion concentration gradient will modify
the membrane potential and can be normal or pathological conditions
, ✔✔metabolic acidosis means - ✔✔there is a certain condition that cause excessive pH
drop in extracellular fluid that results in excessive K+ in the blood plasma
✔✔hyperkalemia can cause - ✔✔cardiac arrhythmias
✔✔hyperkalemia can be therapeutically corrected by - ✔✔injecting insulin into cells
✔✔steps of metabolic acidosis - ✔✔1. H+ gradient factors H+ inward movement in
acidosis
2. electrically "silent" exchange of 1H+ with 1K+
3. excessive extracellular plasma H+ results in extrusion of extra K+ into extracellular
space (plasma)
4. K+ uptake is therapeutically acutely enhance by insulin injection which stimulates
muscle cells membrane Na/K ATPase
✔✔extracellular fluid is about ____% of body weight - ✔✔20%
✔✔intracellular fluid is about ___% of body weight - ✔✔40%
✔✔interstitial fluid is about ___ of the _____ - ✔✔interstitial fluid is about ¾ of the
extracellular fluid
✔✔plasma is about ____ of the _____ - ✔✔plasma is about ¼ of the extracellular fluid
✔✔plasma volume is about ____% of body weight - ✔✔4-5%
✔✔in non obese humans:
_____% of body weight is water
_____% of body weight is proteins
____% of body weight is minerals
____% of body weight is fat - ✔✔60% water
18% proteins
7% minerals
15% fat
✔✔dilution principle - ✔✔volume (v) = quantity of sub added (x)/concentration at
equilibrium (c)
✔✔criteria for measurement of volume of a particular fluid compartment - ✔✔1.
substance x must be freely distributed through entire compartment
2. must be non toxic
3. not metabolized
4. easily measured
