NSG 501 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 | PRACTICE QUESTIONS, RATIONALES
& VERIFIED ANSWERS
relationship of ventilation, oxygenation, perfusion - correct answer ✔✔- blood is oxygenated
through ventilation, perfusion, and transport of respiratory gases
- neural and chemical regulators control respiration in response to tissue demands
- cardio system has transport mechanisms to distribute O2 to cells
normal ventilation, oxygenation, and perfusion findings - correct answer ✔✔inspection : skin
and mucous membrane color, level of consciousness, breathing pattern, chest wall movement,
circulation
palpation: chest, feet, legs, pulses (radial, pedal, brachial, femoral, etc.)
percussion: presence of abnormal fluid or air, diaphragmatic excursion (movement of
diaphragm during breathing)
auscultation: normal/abnormal lung & heart sounds
deviations from normal ventilation, oxygenation, and perfusion findings - correct answer
✔✔cyanosis, decreased skin turgor, pursed-lip breathing, barrel chest, asymmetry of chest wall
movement, respiratory patterns (tachypnea, kussmaul, ataxia, etc.)
tissue oxygenation related to: pt age - correct answer ✔✔prematures: premature heart and
lungs, lack of surfactant
infants/toddlers: risk for upper respiratory infections, obstructions due to anatomy
school aged/adolescents: second hand smoke exposure, obesity, vaping products
young & middle aged adults: heart disease due to diet, lack of exercise, stress, energy drinks, etc
pregnancy: dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, changes to cardio and resp systems
older adults: changes to heart and lungs due to ag, risk of flu and pneumonia (get them vaxxed)
, tissue oxygenation related to: lifestyle factors - correct answer ✔✔nutrition: poor nutrition can
cause resp muscle wasting, weakness
hydration: fluid overload (disrupts cardio/resp systems). fluid deficit (dizziness, hypotension,
thickened respiratory secretions)
cigarette smoking : vasoconstriction, worsening asthma or COPD
substance use: impaired tissue oxygenation
stress: increased demands on body for blood supply/oxygenation
environment: urban areas -> greater lung disease
constriction workers at risk for asbestos
clinical outcomes as a result of alterations in cardiorespiratory functions - correct answer
✔✔ABNORMAL:
blood tests - cbc (rbcs, wbcs, platelets), cmp (electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, etc)
radiology - CT scans, Xrays, MRI
TB skin tests, EKG, echocardiogram, stress test
nursing interventions for health promotion of cardiopulmonary functions - correct answer
✔✔promotion: healthy lifestyle (exercise/diet), vaccinations(flu/covid/pneumonia), prevent
environmental pollutants (second hand smoke, chemicals)
O2 therapy to prevent hypoxia (look at slides 31 and 33 for different forms of low flow or high
flow O2 delivery devices)
nursing interventions for health maintenance of cardiopulmonary functions - correct answer
✔✔- ambulation
-incentive spirometer (encourages voluntary deep breathing)
-positioning (at least 30 degrees for better lung expansion)
- noninvasive ventilation (CPAP, BiPAP)
- invasive mechanical ventilation (ET or tracheostomy)
& VERIFIED ANSWERS
relationship of ventilation, oxygenation, perfusion - correct answer ✔✔- blood is oxygenated
through ventilation, perfusion, and transport of respiratory gases
- neural and chemical regulators control respiration in response to tissue demands
- cardio system has transport mechanisms to distribute O2 to cells
normal ventilation, oxygenation, and perfusion findings - correct answer ✔✔inspection : skin
and mucous membrane color, level of consciousness, breathing pattern, chest wall movement,
circulation
palpation: chest, feet, legs, pulses (radial, pedal, brachial, femoral, etc.)
percussion: presence of abnormal fluid or air, diaphragmatic excursion (movement of
diaphragm during breathing)
auscultation: normal/abnormal lung & heart sounds
deviations from normal ventilation, oxygenation, and perfusion findings - correct answer
✔✔cyanosis, decreased skin turgor, pursed-lip breathing, barrel chest, asymmetry of chest wall
movement, respiratory patterns (tachypnea, kussmaul, ataxia, etc.)
tissue oxygenation related to: pt age - correct answer ✔✔prematures: premature heart and
lungs, lack of surfactant
infants/toddlers: risk for upper respiratory infections, obstructions due to anatomy
school aged/adolescents: second hand smoke exposure, obesity, vaping products
young & middle aged adults: heart disease due to diet, lack of exercise, stress, energy drinks, etc
pregnancy: dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, changes to cardio and resp systems
older adults: changes to heart and lungs due to ag, risk of flu and pneumonia (get them vaxxed)
, tissue oxygenation related to: lifestyle factors - correct answer ✔✔nutrition: poor nutrition can
cause resp muscle wasting, weakness
hydration: fluid overload (disrupts cardio/resp systems). fluid deficit (dizziness, hypotension,
thickened respiratory secretions)
cigarette smoking : vasoconstriction, worsening asthma or COPD
substance use: impaired tissue oxygenation
stress: increased demands on body for blood supply/oxygenation
environment: urban areas -> greater lung disease
constriction workers at risk for asbestos
clinical outcomes as a result of alterations in cardiorespiratory functions - correct answer
✔✔ABNORMAL:
blood tests - cbc (rbcs, wbcs, platelets), cmp (electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, etc)
radiology - CT scans, Xrays, MRI
TB skin tests, EKG, echocardiogram, stress test
nursing interventions for health promotion of cardiopulmonary functions - correct answer
✔✔promotion: healthy lifestyle (exercise/diet), vaccinations(flu/covid/pneumonia), prevent
environmental pollutants (second hand smoke, chemicals)
O2 therapy to prevent hypoxia (look at slides 31 and 33 for different forms of low flow or high
flow O2 delivery devices)
nursing interventions for health maintenance of cardiopulmonary functions - correct answer
✔✔- ambulation
-incentive spirometer (encourages voluntary deep breathing)
-positioning (at least 30 degrees for better lung expansion)
- noninvasive ventilation (CPAP, BiPAP)
- invasive mechanical ventilation (ET or tracheostomy)
