BIO 1010 WGU C 190 STUDY FOR OA 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Adaptation- - (ANSWER)The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism
to become more suited to an environment.
Aerobic- - (ANSWER)A process that requires oxygen.
Allele -An alternative form of a gene. An example would be genes that encode eye color—some encode
blue eyes (one allele), while others encode brown, green, or hazel eye colors (other alleles). - (ANSWER)
amino acids - - (ANSWER)A small organic molecule with the structure of an amino group, a carboxylic
acid group, and an "R" group, which are all bonded to a single central carbon atom. The difference
between the "R" group is what distinguishes one amino acid from another. Amino acids are the building
blocks of proteins.
Anaerobic- - (ANSWER)A process that occurs without oxygen.
Anaphase- - (ANSWER)A stage within the mitosis phase of cell division (also known as cell reproduction).
Anaphase starts when sister chromatids separate from each other and ends when each set of separated,
sister chromatids arrives at the opposite poles of the cell.
anaphase I- - (ANSWER)The third stage of Meiosis I—the two homologous chromosomes separate and
migrate toward opposite poles.
anaphase II- - (ANSWER)The third stage in Meiosis II—the centromeres separate and the sister
chromatids (now individual chromosomes) move toward the opposite poles of the cell.
artificial selection- - (ANSWER)Deliberate mating between two individuals who were selected based on
desired traits.
asexual reproduction - - (ANSWER)A type of reproduction where genetically identical offspring are
created from a single parent. This type of reproduction does not utilize meiosis or gametes. Bacteria
,BIO 1010 WGU C 190 STUDY FOR OA 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
and fungi are examples of organisms that reproduce in this manner. - (ANSWER)
Atom- - (ANSWER)The basic unit of matter that cannot be further broken down without losing its unique
properties. One atom consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Autosomal- - (ANSWER)Describes a trait associated with alleles located on autosomes (non sex
chromosomes).
autosomal chromosome- - (ANSWER)A chromosome not involved in sex determination.
biogeochemical cycle- - (ANSWER)The processes that transfer chemical elements between biotic and
abiotic components in an ecosystem. There are several main cycles: the water cycle, the carbon cycle,
the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle.
Biome- - (ANSWER)A large naturally occurring community of plants and animals occupying a major
habitat. Examples include tropical forest and arctic tundra.
Biomes- - (ANSWER)A pattern of distribution of ecosystems across the globe, where similar
environmental conditions lead to similar animal and plant adaptations. Examples of biomes include
tropical rainforests, deserts, and tundra.
biosphere- - (ANSWER)All areas on, within, and around the planet Earth that are capable of supporting
life.
Calvin cycle (Calvin-Ben - (ANSWER)son cycle or light-independent reaction)- The set of chemical
reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent because it
takes place after the energy has been captured from sunlight. Also called Calvin-Benson Cycle, Benson-
Calvin Cycle.
,BIO 1010 WGU C 190 STUDY FOR OA 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Carbohydrates- - (ANSWER)The extracellular surface of the cell membrane is decorated with
carbohydrate groups attached to lipids and proteins. These short carbohydrates play a role in giving a cell
its identity (i.e., distinguishing self from non-self) and are the distinguishing factor in human blood types.
carbon cycle- - (ANSWER)The biogeochemical cycle through which carbon flows between the
atmosphere, water, land, and ecosystems.
cell cycle- - (ANSWER)A series of phases in the life of the cell through which it grows and divides.
cell wall- - (ANSWER)Protective and reinforcing structure found in certain cells, situated outside the
plasma membrane. Bacterial cell walls are mainly built of peptidoglycan, although they may also contain
lipidic molecules. Among eukaryotes, plants and fungi possess cell walls, made of cellulose and chitin,
respectively.
cellular respiration- - (ANSWER)Use of oxygen to release energy from nutrients; also called aerobic
respiration.
Centromere- - (ANSWER)A specific section of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach during cell
division; also the connection point of sister chromatids.
Chlorophyll- - (ANSWER)A plant pigment used to absorb light energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll
gives plants their green color because it absorbs red and blue light particularly well, while reflecting
green.
Chloroplast- - (ANSWER)An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists (single-celled
eukaryotic organisms) that contain pigments such as chlorophyl. Its primary function is to capture solar
energy and convert it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. Chloroplast absorbs
sunlight energy and uses the energy to power the synthesis of organic food molecules (sugars). A
chloroplast contains its own DNA as a single circular chromosome.
, BIO 1010 WGU C 190 STUDY FOR OA 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Sister Chromatid - - (ANSWER)One of two identical copies of a chromosome duplicated during the S
phase of the cell cycle. A centromere connects two sister chromatids together. When joined together,
sister chromatids compose one chromosome. Chromatids are separated from each other during mitosis
or meiosis II.
Citric acid cycle- - (ANSWER)The 2nd stage of aerobic cellular respiration that occurs when acetyl CoA
combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately producing ATP,
NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
climate change- - (ANSWER)It is the full range of climatic disruptions that have occurred as a probable
result of human alteration of the atmosphere. In other words, it is recent climate warming—and
weirdness—that is probably caused by human activities and technology use.
Codominance- - (ANSWER)A form of dominance where both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are
fully expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive. A
typical example showing codominance is the ABO blood group system.
Codons- - (ANSWER)A sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that specifies which amino
acid should be added to a growing polypeptide chain.
Commensalism- - (ANSWER)A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other does
not, but also is not harmed.
Competition- - (ANSWER)A type of interspecific interaction where both species are harmed.
complementary base pairing- - (ANSWER)Describes the hydrogen bonding that occurs between specific
nucleotides on opposing strands of DNA or RNA. In DNA, adenine is paired with thymine, and guanine is
paired with cytosine. When RNA is made from DNA, adenine is paired with uracil, and guanine is paired
with cytosine.
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Adaptation- - (ANSWER)The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism
to become more suited to an environment.
Aerobic- - (ANSWER)A process that requires oxygen.
Allele -An alternative form of a gene. An example would be genes that encode eye color—some encode
blue eyes (one allele), while others encode brown, green, or hazel eye colors (other alleles). - (ANSWER)
amino acids - - (ANSWER)A small organic molecule with the structure of an amino group, a carboxylic
acid group, and an "R" group, which are all bonded to a single central carbon atom. The difference
between the "R" group is what distinguishes one amino acid from another. Amino acids are the building
blocks of proteins.
Anaerobic- - (ANSWER)A process that occurs without oxygen.
Anaphase- - (ANSWER)A stage within the mitosis phase of cell division (also known as cell reproduction).
Anaphase starts when sister chromatids separate from each other and ends when each set of separated,
sister chromatids arrives at the opposite poles of the cell.
anaphase I- - (ANSWER)The third stage of Meiosis I—the two homologous chromosomes separate and
migrate toward opposite poles.
anaphase II- - (ANSWER)The third stage in Meiosis II—the centromeres separate and the sister
chromatids (now individual chromosomes) move toward the opposite poles of the cell.
artificial selection- - (ANSWER)Deliberate mating between two individuals who were selected based on
desired traits.
asexual reproduction - - (ANSWER)A type of reproduction where genetically identical offspring are
created from a single parent. This type of reproduction does not utilize meiosis or gametes. Bacteria
,BIO 1010 WGU C 190 STUDY FOR OA 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
and fungi are examples of organisms that reproduce in this manner. - (ANSWER)
Atom- - (ANSWER)The basic unit of matter that cannot be further broken down without losing its unique
properties. One atom consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Autosomal- - (ANSWER)Describes a trait associated with alleles located on autosomes (non sex
chromosomes).
autosomal chromosome- - (ANSWER)A chromosome not involved in sex determination.
biogeochemical cycle- - (ANSWER)The processes that transfer chemical elements between biotic and
abiotic components in an ecosystem. There are several main cycles: the water cycle, the carbon cycle,
the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle.
Biome- - (ANSWER)A large naturally occurring community of plants and animals occupying a major
habitat. Examples include tropical forest and arctic tundra.
Biomes- - (ANSWER)A pattern of distribution of ecosystems across the globe, where similar
environmental conditions lead to similar animal and plant adaptations. Examples of biomes include
tropical rainforests, deserts, and tundra.
biosphere- - (ANSWER)All areas on, within, and around the planet Earth that are capable of supporting
life.
Calvin cycle (Calvin-Ben - (ANSWER)son cycle or light-independent reaction)- The set of chemical
reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent because it
takes place after the energy has been captured from sunlight. Also called Calvin-Benson Cycle, Benson-
Calvin Cycle.
,BIO 1010 WGU C 190 STUDY FOR OA 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Carbohydrates- - (ANSWER)The extracellular surface of the cell membrane is decorated with
carbohydrate groups attached to lipids and proteins. These short carbohydrates play a role in giving a cell
its identity (i.e., distinguishing self from non-self) and are the distinguishing factor in human blood types.
carbon cycle- - (ANSWER)The biogeochemical cycle through which carbon flows between the
atmosphere, water, land, and ecosystems.
cell cycle- - (ANSWER)A series of phases in the life of the cell through which it grows and divides.
cell wall- - (ANSWER)Protective and reinforcing structure found in certain cells, situated outside the
plasma membrane. Bacterial cell walls are mainly built of peptidoglycan, although they may also contain
lipidic molecules. Among eukaryotes, plants and fungi possess cell walls, made of cellulose and chitin,
respectively.
cellular respiration- - (ANSWER)Use of oxygen to release energy from nutrients; also called aerobic
respiration.
Centromere- - (ANSWER)A specific section of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach during cell
division; also the connection point of sister chromatids.
Chlorophyll- - (ANSWER)A plant pigment used to absorb light energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll
gives plants their green color because it absorbs red and blue light particularly well, while reflecting
green.
Chloroplast- - (ANSWER)An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists (single-celled
eukaryotic organisms) that contain pigments such as chlorophyl. Its primary function is to capture solar
energy and convert it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. Chloroplast absorbs
sunlight energy and uses the energy to power the synthesis of organic food molecules (sugars). A
chloroplast contains its own DNA as a single circular chromosome.
, BIO 1010 WGU C 190 STUDY FOR OA 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Sister Chromatid - - (ANSWER)One of two identical copies of a chromosome duplicated during the S
phase of the cell cycle. A centromere connects two sister chromatids together. When joined together,
sister chromatids compose one chromosome. Chromatids are separated from each other during mitosis
or meiosis II.
Citric acid cycle- - (ANSWER)The 2nd stage of aerobic cellular respiration that occurs when acetyl CoA
combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately producing ATP,
NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
climate change- - (ANSWER)It is the full range of climatic disruptions that have occurred as a probable
result of human alteration of the atmosphere. In other words, it is recent climate warming—and
weirdness—that is probably caused by human activities and technology use.
Codominance- - (ANSWER)A form of dominance where both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are
fully expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive. A
typical example showing codominance is the ABO blood group system.
Codons- - (ANSWER)A sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that specifies which amino
acid should be added to a growing polypeptide chain.
Commensalism- - (ANSWER)A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other does
not, but also is not harmed.
Competition- - (ANSWER)A type of interspecific interaction where both species are harmed.
complementary base pairing- - (ANSWER)Describes the hydrogen bonding that occurs between specific
nucleotides on opposing strands of DNA or RNA. In DNA, adenine is paired with thymine, and guanine is
paired with cytosine. When RNA is made from DNA, adenine is paired with uracil, and guanine is paired
with cytosine.
