PHCL 412 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS RATED A+
statins - ANSWER block the liver enzyme, HMG-coA reductase, needed to
synthesize cholesterol in the liver.
pharmacology - ANSWER The science of drug action on biological systems.
Drug molecules and interaction of drugs with the organism.
pharmacy - ANSWER clinical practice devoted to the formulation, proper and
safe distribution, and use of drugs
pharmaceutical drug - ANSWER chemical substance for medical diagnosis,
treatment, or prevention of disease
what was the first country to discover the concept of pharmacology? - ANSWER
china (2000 BC) by shennong a divine farmer
what is another recording of early pharmacological usage? - ANSWER the
egyptians and the book of thoth - thoth is the egyptian god of knowledge
(between 1500-1200 BC)
who was the father of western medicine? - ANSWER hippocrates - he separated
medicine from religion and superstition.
who were other greek physicians that wrote about medicine and translated it
and passed it down? - ANSWER diocles of carystus and pedanius discorides and
Aulus Cornelius Celsus - these works were used many years after publication
what did galen contribute from his studies? - ANSWER Greek physician, surgeon
and philosopher in Roman Empire Promoted Hippocratic teaching600 treatises
or 10 million words Anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, neurology
he also brought the idea of agonist and antagonists about
what was done during the islamic golden age? - ANSWER scientists developed
an understanding of drug quantities and formulations
,what did paracelsus do? - ANSWER - began to use chemicals and minerals in
medicine
- " the dose makes the poison"
what did william withering do? - ANSWER discovered digitalus, a drug that
stimulates the heart muscle derived from foxglove
who "discovered" willow bark tea? - ANSWER lewis and clark
what does willow bark tea treat - ANSWER fevers and pains
what important ingredient is in willow bark tree - ANSWER salicin - which can be
metabolized to aspirin
what is an alkaloid - ANSWER nitrogen containing compound from plants
animals and microorganisms that has physiological effects
what did Friedrich Serturner discover and what were it's effects - ANSWER
morphine by an isolated alkaloid from opium, which caused him and three of his
friends to overdose for three days
why was it called morphine? - ANSWER after the greek god morpheus, since it
caused them to have "wild dreams"
what is the largest pharm producing company - ANSWER pfizer
fathers of modern pharmacology - ANSWER friedrich wholer, rudolph buchheim,
oswald schmiedberg, and claude bernard
what did friedrich wholer do - ANSWER began synthetic organic chemistry
what did claude bernard do - ANSWER founded the concept of homeostasis
Rudolph Buchheim - ANSWER "father of Pharmacology"
established the 1st independent laboratory devoted exclusively to the study of
pharmacology
Oswald Schmiedeberg - ANSWER Trained most of the men who became
professor sat German universities and elsewhere - another father of pharm
pharmocodynamics - ANSWER mechanism of drug action and how drug
interacts with the body
what do drugs typically act on that cause a change to the system? - ANSWER
receptors (usually proteins)
, - high affinity but low capacity
what are effectors - ANSWER molecules that translate the receptor-drug
interaction into a change in cellular activity
why is the lock and key model wrong? - ANSWER Receptors do not require a
specific agonist for activation, There are no perfect "keys" or perfect "locks" -
just only ratios between how well your drugbinds to your preferred target vs.
other targets (selectivity).
what do receptors fluctuate between? - ANSWER favored and disfavored energy
states
(R = favored low energy state, R* = disfavored, active, high-energy state.)
what lowers the free energy of the activated state, making it more favorable
than the baseline state. - ANSWER agonists
what is induced fit and what can cause it? - ANSWER induced fit is a
conformational shift of the receptor that can cause effector signaling, and
binding of a ligand can cause this
receptors are never completely "on" or "off", and some imperfect agonists can
stimulate the receptor if - ANSWER given enough concentration
what is Saturation Radioligand Binding? - ANSWER In a saturation binding
experiment, you vary the concentration of radioligand and measure binding at
equilibrium. The goal is to determine the Kd (ligand concentration that binds to
half the receptor sites at equilibrium) and Bmax (maximum number of binding
sites).
what are some assumptions of the saturation radioligand binding - ANSWER •
Bound concentration is negligible compared to free
• No binding cooperativity
• At equilibrium
• Binding is reversible and follows Law of Mass Action
Why don't we test all drugs with saturation binding? - ANSWER
what is IC50 - ANSWER concentration of inhibitor required to reduce enzyme
activity by 50%
what is Ki - ANSWER Binding constant (affinity) of our experimental, unlabeled
drug (usually reported in nM)
what are some limitations to radioligand binding - ANSWER • Allosteric
modulators
ANSWERS RATED A+
statins - ANSWER block the liver enzyme, HMG-coA reductase, needed to
synthesize cholesterol in the liver.
pharmacology - ANSWER The science of drug action on biological systems.
Drug molecules and interaction of drugs with the organism.
pharmacy - ANSWER clinical practice devoted to the formulation, proper and
safe distribution, and use of drugs
pharmaceutical drug - ANSWER chemical substance for medical diagnosis,
treatment, or prevention of disease
what was the first country to discover the concept of pharmacology? - ANSWER
china (2000 BC) by shennong a divine farmer
what is another recording of early pharmacological usage? - ANSWER the
egyptians and the book of thoth - thoth is the egyptian god of knowledge
(between 1500-1200 BC)
who was the father of western medicine? - ANSWER hippocrates - he separated
medicine from religion and superstition.
who were other greek physicians that wrote about medicine and translated it
and passed it down? - ANSWER diocles of carystus and pedanius discorides and
Aulus Cornelius Celsus - these works were used many years after publication
what did galen contribute from his studies? - ANSWER Greek physician, surgeon
and philosopher in Roman Empire Promoted Hippocratic teaching600 treatises
or 10 million words Anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, neurology
he also brought the idea of agonist and antagonists about
what was done during the islamic golden age? - ANSWER scientists developed
an understanding of drug quantities and formulations
,what did paracelsus do? - ANSWER - began to use chemicals and minerals in
medicine
- " the dose makes the poison"
what did william withering do? - ANSWER discovered digitalus, a drug that
stimulates the heart muscle derived from foxglove
who "discovered" willow bark tea? - ANSWER lewis and clark
what does willow bark tea treat - ANSWER fevers and pains
what important ingredient is in willow bark tree - ANSWER salicin - which can be
metabolized to aspirin
what is an alkaloid - ANSWER nitrogen containing compound from plants
animals and microorganisms that has physiological effects
what did Friedrich Serturner discover and what were it's effects - ANSWER
morphine by an isolated alkaloid from opium, which caused him and three of his
friends to overdose for three days
why was it called morphine? - ANSWER after the greek god morpheus, since it
caused them to have "wild dreams"
what is the largest pharm producing company - ANSWER pfizer
fathers of modern pharmacology - ANSWER friedrich wholer, rudolph buchheim,
oswald schmiedberg, and claude bernard
what did friedrich wholer do - ANSWER began synthetic organic chemistry
what did claude bernard do - ANSWER founded the concept of homeostasis
Rudolph Buchheim - ANSWER "father of Pharmacology"
established the 1st independent laboratory devoted exclusively to the study of
pharmacology
Oswald Schmiedeberg - ANSWER Trained most of the men who became
professor sat German universities and elsewhere - another father of pharm
pharmocodynamics - ANSWER mechanism of drug action and how drug
interacts with the body
what do drugs typically act on that cause a change to the system? - ANSWER
receptors (usually proteins)
, - high affinity but low capacity
what are effectors - ANSWER molecules that translate the receptor-drug
interaction into a change in cellular activity
why is the lock and key model wrong? - ANSWER Receptors do not require a
specific agonist for activation, There are no perfect "keys" or perfect "locks" -
just only ratios between how well your drugbinds to your preferred target vs.
other targets (selectivity).
what do receptors fluctuate between? - ANSWER favored and disfavored energy
states
(R = favored low energy state, R* = disfavored, active, high-energy state.)
what lowers the free energy of the activated state, making it more favorable
than the baseline state. - ANSWER agonists
what is induced fit and what can cause it? - ANSWER induced fit is a
conformational shift of the receptor that can cause effector signaling, and
binding of a ligand can cause this
receptors are never completely "on" or "off", and some imperfect agonists can
stimulate the receptor if - ANSWER given enough concentration
what is Saturation Radioligand Binding? - ANSWER In a saturation binding
experiment, you vary the concentration of radioligand and measure binding at
equilibrium. The goal is to determine the Kd (ligand concentration that binds to
half the receptor sites at equilibrium) and Bmax (maximum number of binding
sites).
what are some assumptions of the saturation radioligand binding - ANSWER •
Bound concentration is negligible compared to free
• No binding cooperativity
• At equilibrium
• Binding is reversible and follows Law of Mass Action
Why don't we test all drugs with saturation binding? - ANSWER
what is IC50 - ANSWER concentration of inhibitor required to reduce enzyme
activity by 50%
what is Ki - ANSWER Binding constant (affinity) of our experimental, unlabeled
drug (usually reported in nM)
what are some limitations to radioligand binding - ANSWER • Allosteric
modulators
