NSC Exam 4 FINAL DRAFT | Verified Exam Questions and Answers |
Latest Updated Study Material 2026
Question:
1. Memories of Different Dura-
tions Use Different Neuro-
chemicals
Answer:
short, intermediate, and long-term memory formation reflect
independent sequential neurochemical processes
Question:
2. Amino Acid NTs
Answer:
- GABA: most widespread inhibitory transmitter
- glutamate: most widespread excitatory transmitter
Question:
3. Peptide NTs
Answer:
opioid peptides (endorphins), oxytocin, vasopressin
Question:
4. Amine NTs
Answer:
acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin
Question:
5. Gas NTs
Answer:
serve as retrograde transmitter; nitric oxide, carbon monoxide
Question:
6. Ligands
,Answer:
the "keys" (receptors are the "locks")
- include endogenous NTs and hormones or exogenous drugs
or toxins
Question:
7. percent of all drugs
made act via metabotropic
receptors.
Answer:
75
Question:
8. Drug
Answer:
Any substance causing a biological ettect when administered
Question:
9. Agonists
Answer:
Mimic or enhance neurotransmitters; initiates normal ettects of
the receptor
Question:
10. Partial agonist
Answer:
Produces less ettect than an endogenous ligand, causing partial
activation
Question:
11. Antagonist
Answer:
Prevents receptor activation by other ligands; may reduce re-
lease of neurotransmitter or block receptors
(i.e. catteine is an antagonist for adenosine)
,Question:
12. Competitive antagonist
Answer:
Competes with agonist for receptor's endogenous 'pocket'
Question:
13. Non-competitive antagonist Binds elsewhere on receptor, reducing response ability
Answer:
Question:
14. is the Acetylcholine
NT released at The Neuro-
muscular Junction.
Answer:
- release triggered by calcium influx
- ACh binds to Nicotinic receptors on the muscle
Question:
15. Two Types of ACh Receptors 1. Nicotinic (inotropic, excitatory, peripheral)
Answer:
2. Muscarinic (metabotropic, excitatory or inhibitory, CNS)
Question:
16. Neuromodulators
Answer:
indirectly attects transmitter release or receptor response; can
disrupt or medicate
Question:
17. Stimulants
Answer:
Substances increasing alertness or activity
, Question:
18. Nicotine
Answer:
Primary psychoactive and addictive substance in tobacco
- activates nicotinic ACh receptors in the ventral tegmental area
(DA)
- periphery: activates muscles and causes twitching
- CNS: increases alertness and decreases reaction time
Question:
19. Adenosine
Answer:
Inhibits catecholamine release, inducing drowsiness
Question:
20. Caffeine
Answer:
Blocks adenosine receptors and prevents inhibition of cate-
cholamine to prevent sleepiness, stimulating wakefulness
Question:
21. Homeostatic Responses
Answer:
Regulation changes due to drug ettects
Question:
22. Cocaine
Answer:
Stimulant derived from cocoa, highly addictive; blocks
monoamine transporters, especially dopamine - blocks reup-
take of catecholamines, enhancing their ettects
Question:
23. Crack Cocaine
Answer:
Highly addictive form of cocaine, rapid brain entry
Latest Updated Study Material 2026
Question:
1. Memories of Different Dura-
tions Use Different Neuro-
chemicals
Answer:
short, intermediate, and long-term memory formation reflect
independent sequential neurochemical processes
Question:
2. Amino Acid NTs
Answer:
- GABA: most widespread inhibitory transmitter
- glutamate: most widespread excitatory transmitter
Question:
3. Peptide NTs
Answer:
opioid peptides (endorphins), oxytocin, vasopressin
Question:
4. Amine NTs
Answer:
acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin
Question:
5. Gas NTs
Answer:
serve as retrograde transmitter; nitric oxide, carbon monoxide
Question:
6. Ligands
,Answer:
the "keys" (receptors are the "locks")
- include endogenous NTs and hormones or exogenous drugs
or toxins
Question:
7. percent of all drugs
made act via metabotropic
receptors.
Answer:
75
Question:
8. Drug
Answer:
Any substance causing a biological ettect when administered
Question:
9. Agonists
Answer:
Mimic or enhance neurotransmitters; initiates normal ettects of
the receptor
Question:
10. Partial agonist
Answer:
Produces less ettect than an endogenous ligand, causing partial
activation
Question:
11. Antagonist
Answer:
Prevents receptor activation by other ligands; may reduce re-
lease of neurotransmitter or block receptors
(i.e. catteine is an antagonist for adenosine)
,Question:
12. Competitive antagonist
Answer:
Competes with agonist for receptor's endogenous 'pocket'
Question:
13. Non-competitive antagonist Binds elsewhere on receptor, reducing response ability
Answer:
Question:
14. is the Acetylcholine
NT released at The Neuro-
muscular Junction.
Answer:
- release triggered by calcium influx
- ACh binds to Nicotinic receptors on the muscle
Question:
15. Two Types of ACh Receptors 1. Nicotinic (inotropic, excitatory, peripheral)
Answer:
2. Muscarinic (metabotropic, excitatory or inhibitory, CNS)
Question:
16. Neuromodulators
Answer:
indirectly attects transmitter release or receptor response; can
disrupt or medicate
Question:
17. Stimulants
Answer:
Substances increasing alertness or activity
, Question:
18. Nicotine
Answer:
Primary psychoactive and addictive substance in tobacco
- activates nicotinic ACh receptors in the ventral tegmental area
(DA)
- periphery: activates muscles and causes twitching
- CNS: increases alertness and decreases reaction time
Question:
19. Adenosine
Answer:
Inhibits catecholamine release, inducing drowsiness
Question:
20. Caffeine
Answer:
Blocks adenosine receptors and prevents inhibition of cate-
cholamine to prevent sleepiness, stimulating wakefulness
Question:
21. Homeostatic Responses
Answer:
Regulation changes due to drug ettects
Question:
22. Cocaine
Answer:
Stimulant derived from cocoa, highly addictive; blocks
monoamine transporters, especially dopamine - blocks reup-
take of catecholamines, enhancing their ettects
Question:
23. Crack Cocaine
Answer:
Highly addictive form of cocaine, rapid brain entry
