GMS 522 UPDATED EXAMS TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Values & Attitudes - ✔✔-values are beliefs of norms that have been internalized and
are shared
-attitudes are evaluation of alternatives based on these values
✔✔Aesthetics - ✔✔-what a society considers to be beautiful or in good taste
✔✔Manners & Customs - ✔✔-these impact various aspects of international business
such as cross-cultural negotiations & gift giving
✔✔Education - ✔✔-important vehicle for cultural change & the transmission of cultural
values
✔✔Social Institutions - ✔✔-important determinant of consumption patterns
✔✔The Material - ✔✔-important indicator of foreign market opportunities
✔✔High Context - ✔✔the context surrounding the message is just as important as the
actual message itself
✔✔Low Context - ✔✔societies communication is much more explicit
, ✔✔Hofestede's Framework - ✔✔countries classified based on four dimensions:
-individualism
-power distance
-uncertainty avoidance
-masculinity
✔✔Individualism Dimension - ✔✔reflects the extent to which people in a given society
are focussed on individual achievements & accomplishments as opposed to the overall
success of the group to which they belong
✔✔Power Distance Dimension - ✔✔reflective of the extent to which individuals are
willing to accept inequality in their society
✔✔Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension - ✔✔reflects the extent to which individuals in a
society expect to be guided by formal rules & regulations
✔✔Masculinity Dimension - ✔✔reflects the extent to which a society tends to
emphasize and reward "masculine" values such as competition, success and
performance as opposed to "feminine" values such as nurturing & caring for others
✔✔Gannon's Metaphors - ✔✔descriptive metaphors used to conjure up a mental image
that accurately image that accurately encapsulates the culture of the society under
consideration
✔✔Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck (KS) Framework - ✔✔cultural differences assessed from the
standpoint of whether:
a) people believe that they are in control of their environment b)whether individuals in
society are future oriented or fixated on the past
c) whether they can be relied upon to act freely & responsibly
d)whether individuals in the society are more interested in material as opposed to
spiritual goals
e)whether people in the society believe that they are collectively responsible for each
other's welfare
f)whether people refer to conduct their affairs in private or in public
✔✔Global Project - ✔✔The global leadership & organizational behaviour effectiveness
(GLOBE)
✔✔9 Dimensions of culture - ✔✔-performance orientation
-uncertainty avoidance
-in group collectivism
-power distance
-gender egalitarianism
-humane orientation
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Values & Attitudes - ✔✔-values are beliefs of norms that have been internalized and
are shared
-attitudes are evaluation of alternatives based on these values
✔✔Aesthetics - ✔✔-what a society considers to be beautiful or in good taste
✔✔Manners & Customs - ✔✔-these impact various aspects of international business
such as cross-cultural negotiations & gift giving
✔✔Education - ✔✔-important vehicle for cultural change & the transmission of cultural
values
✔✔Social Institutions - ✔✔-important determinant of consumption patterns
✔✔The Material - ✔✔-important indicator of foreign market opportunities
✔✔High Context - ✔✔the context surrounding the message is just as important as the
actual message itself
✔✔Low Context - ✔✔societies communication is much more explicit
, ✔✔Hofestede's Framework - ✔✔countries classified based on four dimensions:
-individualism
-power distance
-uncertainty avoidance
-masculinity
✔✔Individualism Dimension - ✔✔reflects the extent to which people in a given society
are focussed on individual achievements & accomplishments as opposed to the overall
success of the group to which they belong
✔✔Power Distance Dimension - ✔✔reflective of the extent to which individuals are
willing to accept inequality in their society
✔✔Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension - ✔✔reflects the extent to which individuals in a
society expect to be guided by formal rules & regulations
✔✔Masculinity Dimension - ✔✔reflects the extent to which a society tends to
emphasize and reward "masculine" values such as competition, success and
performance as opposed to "feminine" values such as nurturing & caring for others
✔✔Gannon's Metaphors - ✔✔descriptive metaphors used to conjure up a mental image
that accurately image that accurately encapsulates the culture of the society under
consideration
✔✔Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck (KS) Framework - ✔✔cultural differences assessed from the
standpoint of whether:
a) people believe that they are in control of their environment b)whether individuals in
society are future oriented or fixated on the past
c) whether they can be relied upon to act freely & responsibly
d)whether individuals in the society are more interested in material as opposed to
spiritual goals
e)whether people in the society believe that they are collectively responsible for each
other's welfare
f)whether people refer to conduct their affairs in private or in public
✔✔Global Project - ✔✔The global leadership & organizational behaviour effectiveness
(GLOBE)
✔✔9 Dimensions of culture - ✔✔-performance orientation
-uncertainty avoidance
-in group collectivism
-power distance
-gender egalitarianism
-humane orientation
