BIO 123 UPDATED ACTUAL FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Carboxyl Group (-COOH) - ✔✔An acidic functional group that can donate hydrogen
ions.
✔✔Amino Group (-NH2) - ✔✔A basic functional group that can accept hydrogen ions.
✔✔Phosphate Group (-PO4) - ✔✔A charged group important in DNA, RNA, ATP, and
phospholipids.
✔✔Methyl Group (-CH3) - ✔✔A nonpolar functional group.
✔✔Carbonyl Group (C=O) - ✔✔A polar functional group found in sugars and other
organic molecules.
✔✔Monosaccharide - ✔✔A single sugar monomer.
✔✔Glucose - ✔✔A common monosaccharide used by cells for energy.
✔✔Fructose - ✔✔A monosaccharide found in fruits.
, ✔✔Galactose - ✔✔A monosaccharide found in milk sugar.
✔✔Disaccharide - ✔✔A sugar made of two monosaccharides.
✔✔Polysaccharide - ✔✔A carbohydrate polymer made of many monosaccharides.
✔✔Starch - ✔✔A plant storage polysaccharide.
✔✔Glycogen - ✔✔An animal storage polysaccharide.
✔✔Cellulose - ✔✔A structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls.
✔✔Chitin - ✔✔A structural polysaccharide in fungal cell walls and arthropod
exoskeletons.
✔✔Fatty Acid - ✔✔A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group.
✔✔Triglyceride - ✔✔A lipid made of glycerol and three fatty acids; used for energy
storage.
✔✔Saturated Fatty Acid - ✔✔A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds.
✔✔Unsaturated Fatty Acid - ✔✔A fatty acid with one or more carbon-carbon double
bonds.
✔✔Phospholipid - ✔✔A lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty
acid tails.
✔✔Amphipathic - ✔✔Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
✔✔Micelle - ✔✔A spherical arrangement of phospholipids in water.
✔✔Bilayer - ✔✔A double layer of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails facing inward.
✔✔Amino Acid - ✔✔The monomer of proteins.
✔✔Peptide Bond - ✔✔A covalent bond between amino acids.
✔✔Polypeptide - ✔✔A chain of amino acids.
✔✔N-Terminus - ✔✔The amino end of a polypeptide.
✔✔C-Terminus - ✔✔The carboxyl end of a polypeptide.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Carboxyl Group (-COOH) - ✔✔An acidic functional group that can donate hydrogen
ions.
✔✔Amino Group (-NH2) - ✔✔A basic functional group that can accept hydrogen ions.
✔✔Phosphate Group (-PO4) - ✔✔A charged group important in DNA, RNA, ATP, and
phospholipids.
✔✔Methyl Group (-CH3) - ✔✔A nonpolar functional group.
✔✔Carbonyl Group (C=O) - ✔✔A polar functional group found in sugars and other
organic molecules.
✔✔Monosaccharide - ✔✔A single sugar monomer.
✔✔Glucose - ✔✔A common monosaccharide used by cells for energy.
✔✔Fructose - ✔✔A monosaccharide found in fruits.
, ✔✔Galactose - ✔✔A monosaccharide found in milk sugar.
✔✔Disaccharide - ✔✔A sugar made of two monosaccharides.
✔✔Polysaccharide - ✔✔A carbohydrate polymer made of many monosaccharides.
✔✔Starch - ✔✔A plant storage polysaccharide.
✔✔Glycogen - ✔✔An animal storage polysaccharide.
✔✔Cellulose - ✔✔A structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls.
✔✔Chitin - ✔✔A structural polysaccharide in fungal cell walls and arthropod
exoskeletons.
✔✔Fatty Acid - ✔✔A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group.
✔✔Triglyceride - ✔✔A lipid made of glycerol and three fatty acids; used for energy
storage.
✔✔Saturated Fatty Acid - ✔✔A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds.
✔✔Unsaturated Fatty Acid - ✔✔A fatty acid with one or more carbon-carbon double
bonds.
✔✔Phospholipid - ✔✔A lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty
acid tails.
✔✔Amphipathic - ✔✔Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
✔✔Micelle - ✔✔A spherical arrangement of phospholipids in water.
✔✔Bilayer - ✔✔A double layer of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails facing inward.
✔✔Amino Acid - ✔✔The monomer of proteins.
✔✔Peptide Bond - ✔✔A covalent bond between amino acids.
✔✔Polypeptide - ✔✔A chain of amino acids.
✔✔N-Terminus - ✔✔The amino end of a polypeptide.
✔✔C-Terminus - ✔✔The carboxyl end of a polypeptide.
