EC 380 LATEST EVALUATION EXAMS QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Controlling the rate of energy production by substrate ability - ✔✔- Max action effect
-substrate availability affects metabolic rate
-more available substrate = higher pathway activity
-excess of given substrate = cells rely on that energy substrate more than others
✔✔Each step in a biochemical pathway utilizes specific enzymes - ✔✔
✔✔More enzyme activity= more product produced rapidly - ✔✔
✔✔Enzyme activity can be influenced by cofactors - ✔✔
✔✔Co-factor- non protein molecule that assists with enzyme function - ✔✔
✔✔Rate limiting enzyme - ✔✔Can create bottle neck at an early step
✔✔Negative feedback - ✔✔the products of a reaction inhibit enzyme activity
✔✔Storing energy: high energy phosphates - ✔✔Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a
high energy component stored in small amounts until needed
- Breakdown of ATP to release energy is : ATP + Water + ATPase -> ADP + Pi + energy
, - ADP: lower energy compound
-Synthesis of ATP from by products
ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP (via phosphorylation) can occur in absence or presence of
O2
ATP is an on demand molecule
✔✔Three ATP Synthesis pathways - ✔✔ATP-PCr system (anaerobic metabolism)
Glycolytic system (anaerobic metabolism)
Oxidative system (aerobic metabolism)
✔✔ATP- PCr system (fastest way to make ATP) - ✔✔Anaerobic
ATP yield 1 mol ATP/1 mol PCr
Duration: 3 to 15 seconds of max effort
Because ATP stores are very limited this pathway is used to resemble ATP
✔✔Control of ATP-PCr System: Creatine Kinase (CK) - ✔✔-PCr breakdown catalyzed
by CK
-CK controls rate of ATP production
✔✔Stimulate CK: - ✔✔lowers ATP and high ADP (Low cell energy)
✔✔Inhibit CK: - ✔✔high ATP and low ADP (high cell energy)
✔✔Glycolytic Metabolic System - ✔✔-Anaerobic process occurring in cytoplasm
whereby glucose is the substrate and pyruvate is the product termed glycolysis
- 10 enzymatic reactions
-supplies ATP for 15 seconds of max effort
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔- Must convert to glucose to glucose 6 phosphate
-costs 1 ATP for glucose in hexokinase reaction
- 0 ATP for glycogen
-Glycolytic pathway starts with glucose 6 phosphate, ends with pyruvate
-After all steps ATP yield:
2 ATP for glucose
3 ATP for glycogen
✔✔3 enzymes catalyze ireversible reactions that regulate glycolysis - ✔✔Hexokinase
(HK) and glucokinase (liver) (step 1)
Phosphfructokinase (PFK) (step 3)
Pyruvate kinase (PK) (step 10)
✔✔4th reaction makes glycolysis economically advantageous by splitting the 6 carbon
fructose 1,6 diphosphate molecule into two 3 carbon molecules such that remaining
glycolytic steps occur twice - ✔✔
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Controlling the rate of energy production by substrate ability - ✔✔- Max action effect
-substrate availability affects metabolic rate
-more available substrate = higher pathway activity
-excess of given substrate = cells rely on that energy substrate more than others
✔✔Each step in a biochemical pathway utilizes specific enzymes - ✔✔
✔✔More enzyme activity= more product produced rapidly - ✔✔
✔✔Enzyme activity can be influenced by cofactors - ✔✔
✔✔Co-factor- non protein molecule that assists with enzyme function - ✔✔
✔✔Rate limiting enzyme - ✔✔Can create bottle neck at an early step
✔✔Negative feedback - ✔✔the products of a reaction inhibit enzyme activity
✔✔Storing energy: high energy phosphates - ✔✔Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a
high energy component stored in small amounts until needed
- Breakdown of ATP to release energy is : ATP + Water + ATPase -> ADP + Pi + energy
, - ADP: lower energy compound
-Synthesis of ATP from by products
ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP (via phosphorylation) can occur in absence or presence of
O2
ATP is an on demand molecule
✔✔Three ATP Synthesis pathways - ✔✔ATP-PCr system (anaerobic metabolism)
Glycolytic system (anaerobic metabolism)
Oxidative system (aerobic metabolism)
✔✔ATP- PCr system (fastest way to make ATP) - ✔✔Anaerobic
ATP yield 1 mol ATP/1 mol PCr
Duration: 3 to 15 seconds of max effort
Because ATP stores are very limited this pathway is used to resemble ATP
✔✔Control of ATP-PCr System: Creatine Kinase (CK) - ✔✔-PCr breakdown catalyzed
by CK
-CK controls rate of ATP production
✔✔Stimulate CK: - ✔✔lowers ATP and high ADP (Low cell energy)
✔✔Inhibit CK: - ✔✔high ATP and low ADP (high cell energy)
✔✔Glycolytic Metabolic System - ✔✔-Anaerobic process occurring in cytoplasm
whereby glucose is the substrate and pyruvate is the product termed glycolysis
- 10 enzymatic reactions
-supplies ATP for 15 seconds of max effort
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔- Must convert to glucose to glucose 6 phosphate
-costs 1 ATP for glucose in hexokinase reaction
- 0 ATP for glycogen
-Glycolytic pathway starts with glucose 6 phosphate, ends with pyruvate
-After all steps ATP yield:
2 ATP for glucose
3 ATP for glycogen
✔✔3 enzymes catalyze ireversible reactions that regulate glycolysis - ✔✔Hexokinase
(HK) and glucokinase (liver) (step 1)
Phosphfructokinase (PFK) (step 3)
Pyruvate kinase (PK) (step 10)
✔✔4th reaction makes glycolysis economically advantageous by splitting the 6 carbon
fructose 1,6 diphosphate molecule into two 3 carbon molecules such that remaining
glycolytic steps occur twice - ✔✔
