UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350 ADV PATHO EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (2026/2027) (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Seven specialized cellular functions: ✔️movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, and reproduction
Nucleus ✔️aids in cell division and control of genetic info, contains DNA (think the egg yolk)
Ribosomes ✔️RNA-protein complexes; float freely in cytoplasm; provide sites for cellular protein synthesis; packages and modifies protein for
transportation and secretion
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ✔️specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cells organelles
(memory factory)
Golgi complex ✔️Organelle that packages and distributes proteins into vesicles and transports within and outside of cell (refining plant in
cytoplasm; traffic cop- what goes in and out of cytoplasm)
Lysosomes ✔️An organelle containing digestive enzymes; digest and remove wastes, digest debris from dead cells; if ruptured, they can digest
cell contents; autodigestion occurs in starvation
Mitochondria ✔️Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production; pathway for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and
amino acids into ATP; to keep the cell alive; can grow and self-replicate in the cell
Cytoskeleton ✔️A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement; "bones and muscle" of
the cell; have cilia to move it on out
Characteristics of plasma membrane ✔️made up of lipids and proteins; the basic component is a bi-layer of lipid molecules that are responsible
for the structural integrity of the membrane
The _______________ prevents water soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane ✔️Phospholipid layer
Prokaryote ✔️unicellular organism lacking a nucleus; contains NO organelles (include cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsia)
Eukaryote ✔️organism whose cells contain a nucleus; "good nucleus;" larger w/ intracellular anatomy
cellular receptors ✔️protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific
smaller molecules called ligands
3 types of cellular receptors ✔️plasma membrane receptors, channel-linked receptors, non-channel-linked receptors
passive transport ✔️The movement of materials through a cell membrane WITHOUT using energy; no-energy transport of uncharged molecules
through any semi-permeable barrier (occurs down a concentration gradient)
Diffusion ✔️Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
concentration gradient ✔️A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.
hydrostatic pressure ✔️the mechanical force of water PUSHING against cellular membranes
Osmosis ✔️Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower
water concentration; directly r/t hydrostatic pressure and solute concentration; PULL
active transport ✔️the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
mediated transport ✔️simultaneous movement of a single solute molecule in one direction (uniport); of two different solute molecules in one
direction (symport); of two different solute molecules in opposite directions (antiport)
passive mediated transport ✔️"facilitated diffusion;" moving molecules through membranes WITHOUT expending energy; moving DOWN a
concentration gradient
active mediated transport ✔️"active transport;" Requires the expenditure of metabolic energy (ATP); moving UP or AGAINST a concentration
gradient; the major cellular energy currency
Endocytosis ✔️a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell, invaginates (folds inward), and separates from the
plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves into the cell; lyzosomal enzymes destroy molecules in the vesicles
Seven specialized cellular functions: ✔️movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, and reproduction
Nucleus ✔️aids in cell division and control of genetic info, contains DNA (think the egg yolk)
Ribosomes ✔️RNA-protein complexes; float freely in cytoplasm; provide sites for cellular protein synthesis; packages and modifies protein for
transportation and secretion
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ✔️specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cells organelles
(memory factory)
Golgi complex ✔️Organelle that packages and distributes proteins into vesicles and transports within and outside of cell (refining plant in
cytoplasm; traffic cop- what goes in and out of cytoplasm)
Lysosomes ✔️An organelle containing digestive enzymes; digest and remove wastes, digest debris from dead cells; if ruptured, they can digest
cell contents; autodigestion occurs in starvation
Mitochondria ✔️Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production; pathway for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and
amino acids into ATP; to keep the cell alive; can grow and self-replicate in the cell
Cytoskeleton ✔️A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement; "bones and muscle" of
the cell; have cilia to move it on out
Characteristics of plasma membrane ✔️made up of lipids and proteins; the basic component is a bi-layer of lipid molecules that are responsible
for the structural integrity of the membrane
The _______________ prevents water soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane ✔️Phospholipid layer
Prokaryote ✔️unicellular organism lacking a nucleus; contains NO organelles (include cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsia)
Eukaryote ✔️organism whose cells contain a nucleus; "good nucleus;" larger w/ intracellular anatomy
cellular receptors ✔️protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific
smaller molecules called ligands
3 types of cellular receptors ✔️plasma membrane receptors, channel-linked receptors, non-channel-linked receptors
passive transport ✔️The movement of materials through a cell membrane WITHOUT using energy; no-energy transport of uncharged molecules
through any semi-permeable barrier (occurs down a concentration gradient)
Diffusion ✔️Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
concentration gradient ✔️A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.
hydrostatic pressure ✔️the mechanical force of water PUSHING against cellular membranes
Osmosis ✔️Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower
water concentration; directly r/t hydrostatic pressure and solute concentration; PULL
active transport ✔️the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
mediated transport ✔️simultaneous movement of a single solute molecule in one direction (uniport); of two different solute molecules in one
direction (symport); of two different solute molecules in opposite directions (antiport)
passive mediated transport ✔️"facilitated diffusion;" moving molecules through membranes WITHOUT expending energy; moving DOWN a
concentration gradient
active mediated transport ✔️"active transport;" Requires the expenditure of metabolic energy (ATP); moving UP or AGAINST a concentration
gradient; the major cellular energy currency
Endocytosis ✔️a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell, invaginates (folds inward), and separates from the
plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves into the cell; lyzosomal enzymes destroy molecules in the vesicles
