Maryville University Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide
Questions with 100% Accurate
Answers
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - ANSWERScell death that is regulated or
programmed
Necrosis - ANSWERScharacterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular
injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that stem
cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and is
profoundly changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!!
Atrophy: - ANSWERSPhysiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
Hypertrophy - ANSWERS(increase in size of cell) Another cellular adaptation that can
actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training -
this is referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that occurs
secondary to HTN.
Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) - ANSWERSCompensatory: removal of 70% of liver
- can regenerate in about 2 weeks. Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia
Metaplasia - ANSWERS(replacement of cells) normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells
of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can
be reversed if irritant stopped
Cellular metabolism - ANSWERSDuring ischemia, what effect does the loss of the
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells?
ATP=energy - ANSWERSNeeds Oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium (Na+, K+)
pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation
of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is
discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular
swelling results.
, What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? - ANSWERSAnaerobic metabolism
(glycolysis)
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? -
ANSWERSA free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to
stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is
capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key
molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play
major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with
hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic
heart failure.
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? -
ANSWERS:Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
How does ethanol injure the cell? - ANSWERSLiver enzymes metabolize ethanol to
acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify
ethanol - if not functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver (Thus the
term "Fatty Liver)
Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? -
ANSWERSDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Aging and the cell/tissues. - ANSWERSEvery physiologic processes can be shown to
function less efficiently.
o Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia)
o "Stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems:
Peripheral vascular resistance increases.
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach.
Decreased immune response
F & E: Total body potassium concentration also decreases because of decreased
cellular mass.
An increased sodium/potassium ratio suggests that the decreased cellular mass is
accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment.
Which are indications of dehydration? - ANSWERSMarked water deficit is manifested
by S & S of dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated
temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine. Skin turgor may be
normal or decreased. Symptoms/signs of hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak
pulses, dizziness and postural hypotension, may be present.
Thirst:
Osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic pressure of the plasma
Vulnerable populations to FVD:
Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide
Questions with 100% Accurate
Answers
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - ANSWERScell death that is regulated or
programmed
Necrosis - ANSWERScharacterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular
injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that stem
cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and is
profoundly changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!!
Atrophy: - ANSWERSPhysiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
Hypertrophy - ANSWERS(increase in size of cell) Another cellular adaptation that can
actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training -
this is referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that occurs
secondary to HTN.
Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) - ANSWERSCompensatory: removal of 70% of liver
- can regenerate in about 2 weeks. Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia
Metaplasia - ANSWERS(replacement of cells) normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells
of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can
be reversed if irritant stopped
Cellular metabolism - ANSWERSDuring ischemia, what effect does the loss of the
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells?
ATP=energy - ANSWERSNeeds Oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium (Na+, K+)
pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation
of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is
discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular
swelling results.
, What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? - ANSWERSAnaerobic metabolism
(glycolysis)
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? -
ANSWERSA free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to
stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is
capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key
molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play
major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with
hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic
heart failure.
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? -
ANSWERS:Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
How does ethanol injure the cell? - ANSWERSLiver enzymes metabolize ethanol to
acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify
ethanol - if not functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver (Thus the
term "Fatty Liver)
Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? -
ANSWERSDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Aging and the cell/tissues. - ANSWERSEvery physiologic processes can be shown to
function less efficiently.
o Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia)
o "Stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems:
Peripheral vascular resistance increases.
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach.
Decreased immune response
F & E: Total body potassium concentration also decreases because of decreased
cellular mass.
An increased sodium/potassium ratio suggests that the decreased cellular mass is
accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment.
Which are indications of dehydration? - ANSWERSMarked water deficit is manifested
by S & S of dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated
temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine. Skin turgor may be
normal or decreased. Symptoms/signs of hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak
pulses, dizziness and postural hypotension, may be present.
Thirst:
Osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic pressure of the plasma
Vulnerable populations to FVD:
