WCU PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE | PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES 2026/2027
physiology - ✔✔The study of normal body function
Hemostasis - ✔✔Regulation of body's internal environment. ( if body fails to maintain disease
may occur)
teleological vs mechanistic approach - ✔✔Teleological : The why " why do RBC transport O2"
Mechanistic: The process, "HOW do RBC transport O2"
Placebo - ✔✔"sugar pill". No pharmacological effect, only psychological
Hypothesis - ✔✔A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Cation and Anions - ✔✔Cation: Positively charged ions (lost e-)
Anion: Negatively charged ions (Gained e-)
Electrons - ✔✔Form covalent bonds, create ions, capture and store energy, create free
radicals.
essential vs nonessential amino acids - ✔✔Essential: Must be taken in through diet
Non-Essential: Body manufactures
pH scale - ✔✔measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)
in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
0-7 acidid 7-14 Alkaline (basic)
, intracellular and extracellular - ✔✔ICF: Fluid is 2/3 of the total body water volume. Material
moving in and out of ICF must cross cell must cross cell membrane.
ECF: Fluid includes all outside cell. ECF is 1/3 of body fluid volume. Consist of ICF (lies b/w
circularoty system & cell).
Plasma liquid matrix of blood is 25% of ECF volume
Ions - ✔✔positively and negatively charged atoms
intracellular and extracellular ions - ✔✔Na+
Cl-
K+
proteins
protein concentration - ✔✔The body must maintain a low protein concentration in the ICF. If
proteins move from the plasma to the interstitial fluid, the osmotic pressure gradient that
opposes filtration decreases
Rules of diffusion - ✔✔- uses kinetic energy of molecular movement, does not require outside
energy source
-high concentration to low concentration
-continue until equilibrium
-diffusion is faster: longer S.A, membrane thinner, concentration gradient is longer, high temp
cellular organelles and their functions - ✔✔1. Nucleus - stores genetic information
2. Ribosomes - makes protein
3. Plasma membrane - separates the cell from the environment
4. Endoplasmic reticulum - makes proteins and lipids
RATIONALES 2026/2027
physiology - ✔✔The study of normal body function
Hemostasis - ✔✔Regulation of body's internal environment. ( if body fails to maintain disease
may occur)
teleological vs mechanistic approach - ✔✔Teleological : The why " why do RBC transport O2"
Mechanistic: The process, "HOW do RBC transport O2"
Placebo - ✔✔"sugar pill". No pharmacological effect, only psychological
Hypothesis - ✔✔A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Cation and Anions - ✔✔Cation: Positively charged ions (lost e-)
Anion: Negatively charged ions (Gained e-)
Electrons - ✔✔Form covalent bonds, create ions, capture and store energy, create free
radicals.
essential vs nonessential amino acids - ✔✔Essential: Must be taken in through diet
Non-Essential: Body manufactures
pH scale - ✔✔measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)
in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
0-7 acidid 7-14 Alkaline (basic)
, intracellular and extracellular - ✔✔ICF: Fluid is 2/3 of the total body water volume. Material
moving in and out of ICF must cross cell must cross cell membrane.
ECF: Fluid includes all outside cell. ECF is 1/3 of body fluid volume. Consist of ICF (lies b/w
circularoty system & cell).
Plasma liquid matrix of blood is 25% of ECF volume
Ions - ✔✔positively and negatively charged atoms
intracellular and extracellular ions - ✔✔Na+
Cl-
K+
proteins
protein concentration - ✔✔The body must maintain a low protein concentration in the ICF. If
proteins move from the plasma to the interstitial fluid, the osmotic pressure gradient that
opposes filtration decreases
Rules of diffusion - ✔✔- uses kinetic energy of molecular movement, does not require outside
energy source
-high concentration to low concentration
-continue until equilibrium
-diffusion is faster: longer S.A, membrane thinner, concentration gradient is longer, high temp
cellular organelles and their functions - ✔✔1. Nucleus - stores genetic information
2. Ribosomes - makes protein
3. Plasma membrane - separates the cell from the environment
4. Endoplasmic reticulum - makes proteins and lipids
