NR 507 – Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Review Practice Questions Study Guide Latest Edition (2026)

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM REVIEW NR507 LATEST
UPDATE PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
Glomerulonephritis - ans-The glomerular-capillaries can trap blood-borne Ab & Ag-
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


Ab complexes
ws


- Causes: PRIMARY: infection, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, ischemia, immunolo
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


gic responses, free radicals. SECONDARY: DM, CHF, HIV, Lupus
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws




Triggering event (infection)- Ag-Ab complex formation & deposition in glomerulus-
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


Activation of complement system & WBC infiltration- Glomerular injury & leakage-
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


Proteinuria/hematuria- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
ws ws ws ws ws ws


OR
after glomerular injury & leakage-
ws ws ws ws


Coagulation cascade activation & FIbrin deposition- Decreased capillary perfusion-
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


decreased GFR- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws




S1 - ans--Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


- Beginning of systole
ws ws ws




S2 - ans-- Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


- End of systole
ws ws ws




Valvular stenosis - ans- ws ws ws


the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the forward flow of blood and
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


increasing the workload of the cardiac chamber proximal to the diseased valve. Intr
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


aventricular or atrial pressure increases in the chamber to overcome resistance to fl
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


ow through the valve. Increased pressure causes the myocardium to work harder, c
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


ausing myocardial hypertrophy.
ws ws




Aortic stenosis - ans-- LV hypertrophy
ws ws ws ws ws


- L heart failure
ws ws ws


- Pulmonary edema
ws ws


- Exertional dyspnea
ws ws


-Syncope
-Angina pectoris ws


- Systolic murmur
ws ws

, Mitral Stenosis - ans-- LA hypertrophy
ws ws ws ws ws


-R ventricular failure
ws ws


- Pulmonary edema
ws ws


- Orthopnea
ws


- Respiratory infection s
ws ws


- PH
ws


-Edema
-Atypical chest pain ws ws


- Diastolic murmur
ws ws




Stroke volume - ans-The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws




Cor Pulmonale - ans-
ws ws ws


right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws




Cardiac output - ans-HR x SV
ws ws ws ws ws


-Normal= 5Lpm ws


-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
ws ws ws ws




Preload - ans-The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws




Determined by: ws


- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws


- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws




Afterload - ans-The resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws




total peripheral resistance (TPR)
ws ws ws




Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) ws ws ws




Contractility - ans-sympathetic nervous system, epi and norepi) + inotropes
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws




Acetylcholine released from vagus nerve - inotrope ws ws ws ws ws ws




Cytokines released during sepsis impair contractility
ws ws ws ws ws




O2 < 50% decreased contractility
ws ws ws ws




Troponin - ans-Relaxing proteinws ws ws ws




Troponin T- aids in binding the troponin complex to actin and tropomyosin
ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws ws




Troponin I- Inhibits the ATPhase of actomyosin
ws ws ws ws ws ws