NUR 376 Patho Exam 1 Questions and
CORRECT Answers | UPDATED ACTUAL |
2026
• Vascular permeability . CORRECT ANSWER: 1st response- inflammation mediators
(histamines & bradykinins) cause vessels to dilate & become more permeable, enabling
WBC's & platelets to site of injury
• Cellular Chemotaxis . CORRECT ANSWER: body releases chemical that dispatch
WBC's & platelets
• Systemic Responses . CORRECT ANSWER: FEVER*, pain, sleepiness, lethargy,
anemia, & weight loss
• Titer . CORRECT ANSWER: the level of antibody within the bloodstream, usually
corresponds with to the level of exposure to the microbe
TB, rubella, any vaccines...
Positive means you have been exposed through infection or vaccine!
• HIV . CORRECT ANSWER: attacks CD4 cells- normal range 800-1200 cells/mm^3
Becomes significant when below 500, below 200= aids
• E-coli . CORRECT ANSWER: bacteria are acquired by the fecal-oral route, usually in
food or contaminated
water. The bacteria live in the intestines of healthy cattle.
• Immunocompetence . CORRECT ANSWER: an individual's ability to protect oneself
from infectious agents because of a strong immune system
From a young age builds immune defenses & swiftly eliminates many microorganisms
as threats of infection
• immunosuppression . CORRECT ANSWER: indicates that there is a defective
immune system that is placing a person at risk for infections.
• opportunistic infection . CORRECT ANSWER: which is an infection caused by a
microorganism that flourishes because of a host's deficient immune system
• hospital-acquired infection . CORRECT ANSWER: A patient infection caused by
microorganisms that originated within the clinical environment
Difficult to treat bc often caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria
, • Type I immediate hypersensitivity . CORRECT ANSWER: Allergy; person produces
many IgE antibodies against a specific allergen
Occurs minutes after contact with allergen; histamine is released
Symptoms include hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, gastric disturbances, and
anaphylactic shock (a life-threatening severe form)
• Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity . CORRECT ANSWER: Igs attack antigens on cell
surface
Antibody-mediated cell lysis results
Blood transfusion reaction is an example of a Type II hypersensitivity
• Type III immune complex disorders . CORRECT ANSWER: occur when antigen
combines with Ig within circulation and these complexes are then deposited in tissues
autoimmine disorders
• Type IV delayed hypersensitivity . CORRECT ANSWER: T cell mediated
Previous exposure to antigen primes the T cells
T cell attack does not occur until days after initial exposure (delayed)
Example: poison ivy, transplant rejection
Mantoux test for tuberculosis demonstrates a Type IV hypersensitivity
• SLE (systemic lupis erythemantous)-Etiology . CORRECT ANSWER: Cause
unknown, risk factors- genetic predisposition and environmental, estrogen hormones
(commonly occurs in women 14-45-SN), and immunological elements
• SLE (systemic lupis erythemantous)- patho . CORRECT ANSWER: Antibodies form
immune complexes that are deposited in organs & tissues such as the skin, heart, joint
synovial membranes, glomeruli of the kidney & lungs
This deposit of immune complexes triggers an inflammation reaction that damages
small blood vessels and various organ membranes
The kidneys are particularly susceptible to inflammation in SLE, termed as
Lupus nephritis.
The lungs also commonly succumb to inflammatory changes such as pneumonitis,
pleuritic, and pulmonary hypertension.
Cardiac involvement in individuals with SLE can cause pericarditis,
endocarditis, and coronary artery disease.
• SLE (systemic lupis erythemantous)- clinical manifestations . CORRECT ANSWER:
S/S- butterfly rash (cheeks & nose), fever (higher than 100F- REPORT), joints- painful &
swollen (SN)
Labs- (SN)
Creatinine over 1.3 = bad kidney (kidneys hit the hardest)
CORRECT Answers | UPDATED ACTUAL |
2026
• Vascular permeability . CORRECT ANSWER: 1st response- inflammation mediators
(histamines & bradykinins) cause vessels to dilate & become more permeable, enabling
WBC's & platelets to site of injury
• Cellular Chemotaxis . CORRECT ANSWER: body releases chemical that dispatch
WBC's & platelets
• Systemic Responses . CORRECT ANSWER: FEVER*, pain, sleepiness, lethargy,
anemia, & weight loss
• Titer . CORRECT ANSWER: the level of antibody within the bloodstream, usually
corresponds with to the level of exposure to the microbe
TB, rubella, any vaccines...
Positive means you have been exposed through infection or vaccine!
• HIV . CORRECT ANSWER: attacks CD4 cells- normal range 800-1200 cells/mm^3
Becomes significant when below 500, below 200= aids
• E-coli . CORRECT ANSWER: bacteria are acquired by the fecal-oral route, usually in
food or contaminated
water. The bacteria live in the intestines of healthy cattle.
• Immunocompetence . CORRECT ANSWER: an individual's ability to protect oneself
from infectious agents because of a strong immune system
From a young age builds immune defenses & swiftly eliminates many microorganisms
as threats of infection
• immunosuppression . CORRECT ANSWER: indicates that there is a defective
immune system that is placing a person at risk for infections.
• opportunistic infection . CORRECT ANSWER: which is an infection caused by a
microorganism that flourishes because of a host's deficient immune system
• hospital-acquired infection . CORRECT ANSWER: A patient infection caused by
microorganisms that originated within the clinical environment
Difficult to treat bc often caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria
, • Type I immediate hypersensitivity . CORRECT ANSWER: Allergy; person produces
many IgE antibodies against a specific allergen
Occurs minutes after contact with allergen; histamine is released
Symptoms include hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, gastric disturbances, and
anaphylactic shock (a life-threatening severe form)
• Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity . CORRECT ANSWER: Igs attack antigens on cell
surface
Antibody-mediated cell lysis results
Blood transfusion reaction is an example of a Type II hypersensitivity
• Type III immune complex disorders . CORRECT ANSWER: occur when antigen
combines with Ig within circulation and these complexes are then deposited in tissues
autoimmine disorders
• Type IV delayed hypersensitivity . CORRECT ANSWER: T cell mediated
Previous exposure to antigen primes the T cells
T cell attack does not occur until days after initial exposure (delayed)
Example: poison ivy, transplant rejection
Mantoux test for tuberculosis demonstrates a Type IV hypersensitivity
• SLE (systemic lupis erythemantous)-Etiology . CORRECT ANSWER: Cause
unknown, risk factors- genetic predisposition and environmental, estrogen hormones
(commonly occurs in women 14-45-SN), and immunological elements
• SLE (systemic lupis erythemantous)- patho . CORRECT ANSWER: Antibodies form
immune complexes that are deposited in organs & tissues such as the skin, heart, joint
synovial membranes, glomeruli of the kidney & lungs
This deposit of immune complexes triggers an inflammation reaction that damages
small blood vessels and various organ membranes
The kidneys are particularly susceptible to inflammation in SLE, termed as
Lupus nephritis.
The lungs also commonly succumb to inflammatory changes such as pneumonitis,
pleuritic, and pulmonary hypertension.
Cardiac involvement in individuals with SLE can cause pericarditis,
endocarditis, and coronary artery disease.
• SLE (systemic lupis erythemantous)- clinical manifestations . CORRECT ANSWER:
S/S- butterfly rash (cheeks & nose), fever (higher than 100F- REPORT), joints- painful &
swollen (SN)
Labs- (SN)
Creatinine over 1.3 = bad kidney (kidneys hit the hardest)
