GN 311 EXAM 3 SET 3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026
What are the four major levels of eukaryotic gene regulation? - Answers Chromatin structure,
transcription, RNA processing, protein modification
What are chromosome puffs? - Answers Regions of active transcription
What are Balbiani rings? - Answers Large chromosome puffs with intense transcription
Active chromatin is sensitive to what enzyme? - Answers DNase I
What are DNase hypersensitive sites? - Answers Regions lacking nucleosomes where regulatory
proteins bind
What are the three major chromatin modifications? - Answers Histone modification, chromatin
remodeling, DNA methylation
What part of histones interacts with DNA? - Answers Histone tails
What does histone acetylation usually do? - Answers Increases transcription
What does histone methylation do? - Answers Can increase or decrease transcription
What enzyme adds acetyl groups to histones? - Answers HAT
What does HAT stand for? - Answers Histone Acetyltransferase
What enzyme removes acetyl groups from histones? - Answers HDAC
What does HDAC stand for? - Answers Histone Deacetylase
What does histone deacetylation do? - Answers Decreases transcription
Why does acetylation increase transcription? - Answers Weakens DNA-histone interaction
What is the histone code? - Answers Pattern of histone modifications affecting transcription
What is chromatin remodeling? - Answers Movement or alteration of nucleosomes
What sequence is commonly methylated in DNA? - Answers CpG islands
What enzyme methylates DNA? - Answers DNA methyltransferase
What modified base is produced by DNA methylation? - Answers 5-methylcytosine
What is the general effect of DNA methylation? - Answers Decreased transcription
What percentage of mammalian CpG sites are methylated? - Answers About 70-80%
What is a Barr body? - Answers Inactive X chromosome
What relationship exists between methylation and transcription? - Answers More methylation = less
transcription
What is epigenetics? - Answers Heritable gene regulation without DNA sequence changes
What is the epigenome? - Answers Pattern of chromatin and DNA modifications
What does Dnmt3 do? - Answers Adds methyl groups to DNA
What does royal jelly do to Dnmt3? - Answers Inhibits it
What happens when Dnmt3 is inhibited? - Answers Less DNA methylation
What gene suppresses flowering? - Answers FLC
What gene promotes flowering by repressing FLC? - Answers FLD
What happens when FLC is active? - Answers Flowering is suppressed
What is the core promoter? - Answers Region where basal transcription machinery binds
What binds the core promoter? - Answers RNA polymerase II and general transcription factors
What is a transcription factor? - Answers DNA-binding protein regulating transcription
What is an enhancer? - Answers DNA sequence that increases transcription
Can enhancers act far from a gene? - Answers Yes
What is an insulator? - Answers DNA sequence that blocks enhancer activity
What type of hormones bind intracellular receptors? - Answers Steroid hormones
Examples of steroid hormones? - Answers Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone
What type of hormones bind cell surface receptors? - Answers Peptide hormones
Example of a peptide hormone? - Answers Insulin
Which RNA polymerase produces pre-mRNA? - Answers RNA polymerase II
What are the three major mRNA processing steps? - Answers 5' cap, poly-A tail, splicing
What is alternative splicing? - Answers Different exon combinations from one transcript
What is alternative polyadenylation? - Answers Different poly-A addition sites
What does the calcitonin gene produce in thyroid tissue? - Answers Calcitonin
What does the calcitonin gene produce in brain tissue? - Answers CGRP
What determines sex in Drosophila? - Answers X:A ratio
What X:A ratio produces females? - Answers 1.0
What X:A ratio produces males? - Answers 0.5
What are the four major levels of eukaryotic gene regulation? - Answers Chromatin structure,
transcription, RNA processing, protein modification
What are chromosome puffs? - Answers Regions of active transcription
What are Balbiani rings? - Answers Large chromosome puffs with intense transcription
Active chromatin is sensitive to what enzyme? - Answers DNase I
What are DNase hypersensitive sites? - Answers Regions lacking nucleosomes where regulatory
proteins bind
What are the three major chromatin modifications? - Answers Histone modification, chromatin
remodeling, DNA methylation
What part of histones interacts with DNA? - Answers Histone tails
What does histone acetylation usually do? - Answers Increases transcription
What does histone methylation do? - Answers Can increase or decrease transcription
What enzyme adds acetyl groups to histones? - Answers HAT
What does HAT stand for? - Answers Histone Acetyltransferase
What enzyme removes acetyl groups from histones? - Answers HDAC
What does HDAC stand for? - Answers Histone Deacetylase
What does histone deacetylation do? - Answers Decreases transcription
Why does acetylation increase transcription? - Answers Weakens DNA-histone interaction
What is the histone code? - Answers Pattern of histone modifications affecting transcription
What is chromatin remodeling? - Answers Movement or alteration of nucleosomes
What sequence is commonly methylated in DNA? - Answers CpG islands
What enzyme methylates DNA? - Answers DNA methyltransferase
What modified base is produced by DNA methylation? - Answers 5-methylcytosine
What is the general effect of DNA methylation? - Answers Decreased transcription
What percentage of mammalian CpG sites are methylated? - Answers About 70-80%
What is a Barr body? - Answers Inactive X chromosome
What relationship exists between methylation and transcription? - Answers More methylation = less
transcription
What is epigenetics? - Answers Heritable gene regulation without DNA sequence changes
What is the epigenome? - Answers Pattern of chromatin and DNA modifications
What does Dnmt3 do? - Answers Adds methyl groups to DNA
What does royal jelly do to Dnmt3? - Answers Inhibits it
What happens when Dnmt3 is inhibited? - Answers Less DNA methylation
What gene suppresses flowering? - Answers FLC
What gene promotes flowering by repressing FLC? - Answers FLD
What happens when FLC is active? - Answers Flowering is suppressed
What is the core promoter? - Answers Region where basal transcription machinery binds
What binds the core promoter? - Answers RNA polymerase II and general transcription factors
What is a transcription factor? - Answers DNA-binding protein regulating transcription
What is an enhancer? - Answers DNA sequence that increases transcription
Can enhancers act far from a gene? - Answers Yes
What is an insulator? - Answers DNA sequence that blocks enhancer activity
What type of hormones bind intracellular receptors? - Answers Steroid hormones
Examples of steroid hormones? - Answers Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone
What type of hormones bind cell surface receptors? - Answers Peptide hormones
Example of a peptide hormone? - Answers Insulin
Which RNA polymerase produces pre-mRNA? - Answers RNA polymerase II
What are the three major mRNA processing steps? - Answers 5' cap, poly-A tail, splicing
What is alternative splicing? - Answers Different exon combinations from one transcript
What is alternative polyadenylation? - Answers Different poly-A addition sites
What does the calcitonin gene produce in thyroid tissue? - Answers Calcitonin
What does the calcitonin gene produce in brain tissue? - Answers CGRP
What determines sex in Drosophila? - Answers X:A ratio
What X:A ratio produces females? - Answers 1.0
What X:A ratio produces males? - Answers 0.5
