ADPP PPP145 2026 CRIMINAL LIABILITY
AND EVIDENCE MODULE QUESTIONS
SOLUTIONS STRUCTURED SCRIPT
◉ Proving criminal liability
Answer: 1. Prosecution must prove each element of offence beyond
reasonable doubt
2. Establishing mens rea and actus reus.
◉ Temporal Coincidence
Answer: Actus reus and Mens rea must coincide in time (occur
simultaneously)
◉ Define strict liability
Answer: An emphasis on Actus reus and excludes much of Mens rea.
Eg. traffic offences.
◉ Define the Doctrine of Doli Incapax & Age of Criminal
Responsibility
Answer: - A child under 10 is incapable of forming a criminal intent
therefore they cannot be charged for any offences.
,- Ages between 10-14 is presumed that they cannot commit any
crimes because they do not understand what is right or wrong.
◉ Penalty for:
a) Serious Indictable Offence
b) Minor Indictable Offence
c) Strictly Indictable Offence
Answer: a) 5 years or more
b) 2-5 years
c) 20 years - life
◉ Statute of Limitations for:
a) Summary matters
b) Indictable matters
Answer: a) 6 months
b) no time limit
◉ Evidence Act 1995 Section 140
Answer: Civil Proceedings : standard of proof
Prosecutor must prove the balance of probabilities.
◉ Evidence Act 1995 Section 141
,Answer: Criminal Proceedings: standard of proof
Prosecutor must prove beyond reasonable doubt.
◉ Sections contained in an Act
Answer: 1. Offence
2. Definition
3. Power
4. Procedural
◉ STOPAR
Answer: Stop = stop/focus on problem
Think = consider own knowledge of policing situations, key factors
(5WHs)
Observe = gather information to formulate plan, identify key
elements, risk assessment
Act = implement action plan
Review = assess/self-reflect situation, outcome, actions, further
improvements.
◉ Admissible Evidence must be:
Answer: 1. Relevant (Evidence Act s.55)
2. Reliable (Evidence Act s.165)
, 3. Fair (Evidence Act s.135)
◉ Sources of Evidence
Answer: 1. Original = oral testimonies
2. Real = physical evidence: weapons, DNA, fingerprints
3. Documentary = written, electronic, audio, visual records
◉ Define inculpatory evidence.
Answer: evidence that incriminates (guilty)
◉ Define exculpatory evidence
Answer: evidence that exonerates (innocent)
◉ Hierarchy of Secondary ID methods
Answer: 1. Crowd Scenes
2. Photographs
3. In Dock (court)
◉ Define Arrest
Answer: T = total Restraint of the personal liberty of another
E = effective from the moment a person is not free to come and go as
they please
AND EVIDENCE MODULE QUESTIONS
SOLUTIONS STRUCTURED SCRIPT
◉ Proving criminal liability
Answer: 1. Prosecution must prove each element of offence beyond
reasonable doubt
2. Establishing mens rea and actus reus.
◉ Temporal Coincidence
Answer: Actus reus and Mens rea must coincide in time (occur
simultaneously)
◉ Define strict liability
Answer: An emphasis on Actus reus and excludes much of Mens rea.
Eg. traffic offences.
◉ Define the Doctrine of Doli Incapax & Age of Criminal
Responsibility
Answer: - A child under 10 is incapable of forming a criminal intent
therefore they cannot be charged for any offences.
,- Ages between 10-14 is presumed that they cannot commit any
crimes because they do not understand what is right or wrong.
◉ Penalty for:
a) Serious Indictable Offence
b) Minor Indictable Offence
c) Strictly Indictable Offence
Answer: a) 5 years or more
b) 2-5 years
c) 20 years - life
◉ Statute of Limitations for:
a) Summary matters
b) Indictable matters
Answer: a) 6 months
b) no time limit
◉ Evidence Act 1995 Section 140
Answer: Civil Proceedings : standard of proof
Prosecutor must prove the balance of probabilities.
◉ Evidence Act 1995 Section 141
,Answer: Criminal Proceedings: standard of proof
Prosecutor must prove beyond reasonable doubt.
◉ Sections contained in an Act
Answer: 1. Offence
2. Definition
3. Power
4. Procedural
◉ STOPAR
Answer: Stop = stop/focus on problem
Think = consider own knowledge of policing situations, key factors
(5WHs)
Observe = gather information to formulate plan, identify key
elements, risk assessment
Act = implement action plan
Review = assess/self-reflect situation, outcome, actions, further
improvements.
◉ Admissible Evidence must be:
Answer: 1. Relevant (Evidence Act s.55)
2. Reliable (Evidence Act s.165)
, 3. Fair (Evidence Act s.135)
◉ Sources of Evidence
Answer: 1. Original = oral testimonies
2. Real = physical evidence: weapons, DNA, fingerprints
3. Documentary = written, electronic, audio, visual records
◉ Define inculpatory evidence.
Answer: evidence that incriminates (guilty)
◉ Define exculpatory evidence
Answer: evidence that exonerates (innocent)
◉ Hierarchy of Secondary ID methods
Answer: 1. Crowd Scenes
2. Photographs
3. In Dock (court)
◉ Define Arrest
Answer: T = total Restraint of the personal liberty of another
E = effective from the moment a person is not free to come and go as
they please
