BIO 311C EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | BIOLOGY EXAM PREP & STUDY GUIDE
2026/2027
four biological molecules - ANS ✔✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
elements in carbohydrates - ANS ✔✔carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
CH2O
elements in lipids - ANS ✔✔carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous
elements in proteins - ANS ✔✔carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous - ANS ✔✔elements in nucleic acids
functional groups in carbohydrates - ANS ✔✔hydroxyl and carbonyl
functional groups in lipids - ANS ✔✔CH3/-CH2
OH (glycerol)
PO4 2- phospholipid
functional groups in proteins - ANS ✔✔NH3+/ NH2
COO-
COOH
R-Group: OH, SH, CH3
functional groups in nucleic acids - ANS ✔✔NH2 (nitrogenous base)
,OH (sugars)
PO4 2-
Subgroups of carbohydrates - ANS ✔✔monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
subgroups of lipids - ANS ✔✔fats phospholipids steroids caretonoids
subgroups of proteins - ANS ✔✔-soluble with polar R
-membrane with nonpolar R
nucleic acids subgroups - ANS ✔✔DNA
RNA
Monosaccharides - ANS ✔✔3-7 carbon long.
When will monosaccharides form rings? - ANS ✔✔Longer than 5 carbon and in water
condensation synthesis - ANS ✔✔forming a covalent bond between monomers by removing an
H2O molecule
What kinds of bonds is starch connected by? - ANS ✔✔Alpha 1, 4 linkages
What kinds of bonds is cellulose connected by? - ANS ✔✔Beta 1, 4, linkages
, Which glucose polysaccharides are connected by alpha linkages - ANS ✔✔starch and glycogen
Types of polysaccharides regarding functions - ANS ✔✔storage and structural
example of storage polysaccharides - ANS ✔✔starch, glycogen, amylopectin
example of structural polysaccharides - ANS ✔✔cellulose, chitin, and callose
1,6 linkages - ANS ✔✔amylopectin
Beta 1, 4 linkages - ANS ✔✔cellulose, chitin, and callose
Alpha 1, 4 linkages - ANS ✔✔starch, glycogen
Lipids are held together by - ANS ✔✔ester bonds
Ester bonds are composed of - ANS ✔✔O-C=O
storage polysaccharides (use) - ANS ✔✔energy utilization
structural polysaccharides (purpose) - ANS ✔✔build cell walls and exoskeletons
Saturated fatty acid - ANS ✔✔only single bonds
monounsaturated fatty acid - ANS ✔✔only one double bond
2026/2027
four biological molecules - ANS ✔✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
elements in carbohydrates - ANS ✔✔carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
CH2O
elements in lipids - ANS ✔✔carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous
elements in proteins - ANS ✔✔carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous - ANS ✔✔elements in nucleic acids
functional groups in carbohydrates - ANS ✔✔hydroxyl and carbonyl
functional groups in lipids - ANS ✔✔CH3/-CH2
OH (glycerol)
PO4 2- phospholipid
functional groups in proteins - ANS ✔✔NH3+/ NH2
COO-
COOH
R-Group: OH, SH, CH3
functional groups in nucleic acids - ANS ✔✔NH2 (nitrogenous base)
,OH (sugars)
PO4 2-
Subgroups of carbohydrates - ANS ✔✔monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
subgroups of lipids - ANS ✔✔fats phospholipids steroids caretonoids
subgroups of proteins - ANS ✔✔-soluble with polar R
-membrane with nonpolar R
nucleic acids subgroups - ANS ✔✔DNA
RNA
Monosaccharides - ANS ✔✔3-7 carbon long.
When will monosaccharides form rings? - ANS ✔✔Longer than 5 carbon and in water
condensation synthesis - ANS ✔✔forming a covalent bond between monomers by removing an
H2O molecule
What kinds of bonds is starch connected by? - ANS ✔✔Alpha 1, 4 linkages
What kinds of bonds is cellulose connected by? - ANS ✔✔Beta 1, 4, linkages
, Which glucose polysaccharides are connected by alpha linkages - ANS ✔✔starch and glycogen
Types of polysaccharides regarding functions - ANS ✔✔storage and structural
example of storage polysaccharides - ANS ✔✔starch, glycogen, amylopectin
example of structural polysaccharides - ANS ✔✔cellulose, chitin, and callose
1,6 linkages - ANS ✔✔amylopectin
Beta 1, 4 linkages - ANS ✔✔cellulose, chitin, and callose
Alpha 1, 4 linkages - ANS ✔✔starch, glycogen
Lipids are held together by - ANS ✔✔ester bonds
Ester bonds are composed of - ANS ✔✔O-C=O
storage polysaccharides (use) - ANS ✔✔energy utilization
structural polysaccharides (purpose) - ANS ✔✔build cell walls and exoskeletons
Saturated fatty acid - ANS ✔✔only single bonds
monounsaturated fatty acid - ANS ✔✔only one double bond
