MDC 2 EXAM 1
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** Questions with Verified Answer
** New Edition | 2026-2027 Updated
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,Benign cells Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death
Malignant cell features o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
, Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis cancer development
Cancer classification o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell
from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy Number of chromosomes
Staging How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive
cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma pigment producing skin cancer
Lymphoma malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
** Expert-Verified Explanation
** Questions with Verified Answer
** New Edition | 2026-2027 Updated
** 100% Guaranteed Pass
** 100% Correct Answers
,Benign cells Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death
Malignant cell features o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
, Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis cancer development
Cancer classification o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell
from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy Number of chromosomes
Staging How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive
cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma pigment producing skin cancer
Lymphoma malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
